Methods and compositions for the treatment of infections and arthropod infestation

1. A method of repelling a biting arthropod, comprising:

applying an effective amount of a nootkatone composition to a surface,

wherein the composition comprises nootkatone ex valencene,

wherein the nootkatone ex valencene is limonene-free and bergapten-free, and

wherein the nootkatone composition has a reduced risk for causing skin irritation when applied topically compared to a nootkatone composition comprising plant-derived nootkatone.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nootkatone composition is applied to one or more of fur, hair, skin, hide, or scalp of an animal.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nootkatone composition is applied to one or more of untreated lumber, treated lumber, a wood beam, a wood board, cardboard, particle board, joist, a stud, a baseboard, wood trim, a hardwood floor, a window sill, a screen, a porch floor, a deck, a door, a wall, a ceiling, interior furniture, or exterior furniture.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nootkatone composition is applied to one or more of a carpet, a curtain, a rug, padded furniture, a cushion, a mattress, a box spring, a mattress cover, a bedbug repellent mattress pad, a bed sheet, a blanket, a pillow, a doll, a stuffed animal, an insect trap, or a net.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nootkatone composition is applied to a bracelet, a necklace, a bandage, a hat, a glove, pants, a shirt, underwear, a coat, a bandana, a scarf, a sock, a shoe, a shoelace, a footwear liner, a footwear insert, gaiters, hunting clothes, or military clothes.

6. A method of treating an arthropod infestation, comprising:

applying an effective amount of a nootkatone composition comprising a carrier and at least about 0.5% nootkatone to a surface,

wherein the nootkatone composition comprises nootkatone ex valencene,

wherein the nootkatone ex valencene is limonene-free and bergapten-free, and

wherein the nootkatone composition has a reduced risk for causing skin irritation when applied topically compared to a nootkatone composition comprising plant-derived nootkatone.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the carrier is one or more of an aqueous liquid carrier, water, a gel, a powder, a zeolite, a cellulosic material, a microcapsule, an alcohol, a hydrocarbon, a polymer, a wax, a fat, or an oil.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the nootkatone composition is formulated as a spray, a powder, a paint, a stain, a wax, a gel, or a paste.

9. The method of claim 6 further comprising:

allowing the nootkatone composition to remain on the surface for at least about 1 hour; and

removing the nootkatone composition from the surface.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the nootkatone composition is removed by one or more of vacuuming, rinsing, steaming, washing, drying, or scrubbing.

11. The method of claim 9 further comprising reapplying the nootkatone composition to the surface.

12. The method of claim 9 further comprising agitating the surface to which the nootkatone composition is being applied to clean the surface at the same time as the composition is being applied and/or facilitate penetration of the composition into the surface.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the agitating is accomplished by sweeping, vacuuming, or scrubbing.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biting arthropod is one or more of a cat flea, a bed bug, a termite, a fire ant, a centipede, a chigger, a drain fly, a biting fly, a black fly, a deer fly, a sand fly, a horse fly, a stable fly, a kissing bug, an earwig, a biting gnat, a louse, a millipede, a dust mite, a scabies mite, or a mosquito.

15. A method of reducing the transmission of a parasite or disease pathogen spread by a biting arthropod, by application of a nootkatone composition comprising an effective amount of nootkatone ex valencene to an animal capable of acting as a host or being infected by the parasite or disease pathogen, wherein the nootkatone ex valencene is limonene-free and bergapten-free, and wherein the nootkatone composition has a reduced risk for causing skin irritation when applied topically compared to a nootkatone composition comprising plant-derived nootkatone.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the nootkatone ex valencene is applied to one or more of fur, hair, skin, hide, or scalp of an animal capable of acting as a host or being infected by the parasite or disease pathogen.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the disease pathogen is an arbovirus that causes or is associated with dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, or Zika virus infection.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nootkatone composition is limonene-free and bergapten-free.

19. The method of claim 6 , wherein the nootkatone composition is limonene-free and bergapten-free.

20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the nootkatone composition is limonene-free and bergapten-free.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the biting arthropod is a mosquito.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biting arthropod is a mosquito.

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nootkatone composition is applied to the skin of a human.

24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the biting arthropod is a mosquito.

25. The method of claim 6 , wherein the biting arthropod is a cat flea, a bed bug, a termite, or a deer tick.

26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the biting arthropod is a termite.

27. The method of claim 15 , wherein the biting arthropod is a mosquito.

28. The method of claim 18 , wherein the biting arthropod is one or more of a cat flea, a bed bug, a termite, a fire ant, a centipede, a chigger, a drain fly, a biting fly, a black fly, a deer fly, a sand fly, a horse fly, a stable fly, a kissing bug, an earwig, a biting gnat, a louse, a millipede, a dust mite, a scabies mite, or a mosquito.

29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the biting arthropod is a mosquito.

30. The method of claim 18 , wherein the nootkatone composition is applied to the skin of a human.

31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the biting arthropod is a mosquito.

32. The method of claim 19 , wherein the biting arthropod is a cat flea, a bed bug, a termite, or a deer tick.

33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the biting arthropod is a termite.