Delivery systems and methods for electric plasma synthesis of nitric oxide
The present disclosure provides systems and method for electric plasma synthesis of nitric oxide. In particular, the present disclosure provides a nitric oxide (NO) generation system configured to produce a controllable output of therapeutic NO gas at the point of care.
1. An apparatus for generating nitric oxide comprising:
a housing including a first wall having an aperture formed therein to provide access to a recess and a second wall permitting gas flow therethrough;
an insulator arranged in the recess, wherein the insulator defines a cavity;
two or more electrodes arranged within the insulator so that each of the two or more electrodes abuts a surface of the insulator that defines the cavity, and wherein the surfaces of the insulator that the two or more electrodes abut are spaced to define a spark gap between the two or more electrodes;
a power supply connected to the two or more electrodes to energize the two or more electrodes to induce a chemical reaction within the recess that generates nitric oxide;
a particle filter arranged to filter particulates from passing through the second wall;
a scavenger arranged proximate to the particle filter to control an amount of undesired byproducts from the chemical reaction induced by operation of the two or more electrodes;
a controller in communication with the power supply and configured to selectively energize the two or more electrodes to achieve one or more electric discharges between the two or more electrodes to generate the nitric oxide within the housing; and
a flow path configured to direct the nitric oxide toward the second wall of the housing and into an airway, wherein the nitric oxide is non-mechanically directed along the flow path;
wherein the housing includes a plurality of layers,
wherein the plurality of layers include a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer, wherein the second layer is arranged between the first layer and the third layer, and
wherein the first layer and the third layer are fabricated from an electrical insulating material with a lower thermal conductivity than the second layer.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the flow path leverages transport phenomena occurring during the one or more electric discharges between the two or more electrodes to non-mechanically direct the nitric oxide through the second wall of the housing and into the airway.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the transport phenomena comprise convective transport.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a volume between the housing and the insulator defines a reaction chamber that is sufficiently small to ensure substantially instantaneous delivery of the nitric oxide along the flow path to the airway.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the two or more electrodes comprise at least one of tungsten carbide, carbon, nickel, iridium, titanium, rhenium, and platinum.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the two or more electrodes comprise iridium.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the power supply comprises a resonant high-voltage power supply or a synchronous power supply.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the particle filter is configured to filter particles with a diameter greater than approximately 0.22 micrometers.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the particle filter comprises a HEPA filter.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second layer is connected to a heat sink.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to detect an onset of inspiration and selectively energize the two or more electrodes to achieve the one or more electric discharges after the onset of inspiration is detected.
12. An apparatus for generating nitric oxide comprising:
a housing including a first wall having an aperture formed therein to provide access to a recess and a second wall permitting gas flow therethrough;
an insulator arranged in the recess, wherein the insulator defines a cavity;
a reaction chamber defined by a volume between the housing and the insulator;
two or more electrodes arranged within the insulator so that each of the two or more electrodes abuts a surface of the insulator that defines the cavity, and wherein the surfaces of the insulator that the two or more electrodes abut are spaced to define a spark gap between the two or more electrodes;
a power supply connected to the two or more electrodes to energize the two or more electrodes to induce a chemical reaction within the reaction chamber that generates nitric oxide;
a particle filter arranged to filter particulates from passing through the second wall;
a scavenger arranged proximate to the particle filter to control an amount of undesired byproducts from the chemical reaction induced by operation of the two or more electrodes; and
a controller in communication with the power supply and configured to selectively energize the two or more electrodes to achieve one or more electric discharges between the two or more electrodes to generate the nitric oxide within the reaction chamber;
wherein the second wall is dimensioned to engage a breathing tube and the reaction chamber is configured to direct the nitric oxide toward the second wall and into the breathing tube,
wherein the housing includes a plurality of layers,
wherein the plurality of layers include a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer, wherein the second layer is arranged between the first layer and the third layer, and
wherein the first layer and the third layer are fabricated from an electrical insulating material with a lower thermal conductivity than the second layer.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the nitric oxide is nonmechanically directed through the second wall and into the breathing tube.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the reaction chamber leverages transport phenomena occurring during the one or more electric discharges between the two or more electrodes to direct the nitric oxide through the second wall and into the breathing tube.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the transport phenomena comprise convective transport.
16. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the reaction chamber is sufficiently small to ensure substantially instantaneous delivery of the nitric oxide to the breathing tube.
17. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the two or more electrodes comprise at least one of tungsten carbide, carbon, nickel, iridium, titanium, rhenium, and platinum.
18. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the two or more electrodes comprise iridium.
19. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the power supply comprises a resonant high-voltage power supply or a synchronous power supply.
20. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the particle filter is configured to filter particles with a diameter greater than approximately 0.22 micrometers.
21. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the particle filter comprises a HEPA filter.
22. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the second layer is connected to a heat sink.
23. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the controller is configured to detect an onset of inspiration and selectively energize the two or more electrodes to achieve the one or more electric discharges after the onset of inspiration is detected.
24. An apparatus for generating nitric oxide, the apparatus comprising:
a housing including a first wall having an aperture formed therein to provide access to a recess and a second wall permitting gas flow therethrough and in fluid communication with a breathing tube;
an insulator arranged in the recess, wherein the insulator defines a cavity;
two or more electrodes arranged within the insulator so that each of the two or more electrodes abuts a surface of the insulator that defines the cavity, and wherein the surfaces of the insulator that the two or more electrodes abut are spaced to define a spark gap between the two or more electrodes;
a power supply connected to the two or more electrodes to energize the two or more electrodes to induce a chemical reaction within the recess that generates nitric oxide;
a particle filter arranged to filter particulates from passing through the second wall;
a scavenger arranged proximate to the particle filter to control an amount of undesired byproducts from the chemical reaction induced by operation of the two or more electrodes;
one or more sensors arranged downstream of the two or more electrodes to measure at least one of a nitric oxide concentration, a nitrogen dioxide concentration, an oxygen concentration, a carbon dioxide concentration, and a pressure;
a flow meter configured to measure a flow rate within the breathing tube;
a controller in communication with the power supply, the one or more sensors, and the flow meter and configured to selectively energize the two or more electrodes to achieve one or more electric discharges between the two or more electrodes to generate nitric oxide within the housing; and
a flow path configured to direct the nitric oxide toward the second wall of the housing and into the breathing tube, wherein the nitric oxide is non-mechanically directed along the flow path,
wherein the housing includes a plurality of layers,
wherein the plurality of layers include a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer, wherein the second layer is arranged between the first layer and the third layer, and
wherein the first layer and the third layer are fabricated from an electrical insulating material with a lower thermal conductivity than the second layer.
25. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the flow path leverages transport phenomena occurring during the one or more electric discharges between the two or more electrodes to non-mechanically direct the nitric oxide through the second wall of the housing and into the breathing tube.
26. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein the transport phenomena comprise convective transport.
27. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein a volume between the housing and the insulator defines a reaction chamber that is sufficiently small to ensure substantially instantaneous delivery of the nitric oxide along the flow path to the breathing tube.
28. The apparatus of claim 24 , further comprising a sample line providing fluid communication between the one or more sensors and a location between the two or more electrodes and the breathing tube.
29. The apparatus of claim 28 , wherein the one or more sensors are each arranged in the sample line and include a nitric oxide sensor, a nitrogen dioxide sensors, an oxygen sensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, and a pressure sensor.
30. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the controller is further configured to detect inspiration based on feedback from at least one of the flow meter and the one or more sensors.
31. The apparatus of claim 30 , wherein the controller is further configured to selectively supply an electrical signal to the power supply to initiate the one or more electric discharges after the onset of inspiration is detected and terminate the electrical signal before the end of inspiration.
32. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the second layer is connected to a heat sink.