Nickel-titanium-yttrium alloys with reduced oxide inclusions
A nickel-titanium alloy is made to be wholly or substantially free of titanium-rich oxide inclusions by including yttrium in an amount up to 0.15 wt. %, with the balance of the alloy being nickel and titanium in approximately equal proportion. For example, a NiTiY alloy may have a composition including, in weight percent based on total alloy weight: between 50 and 60 wt. % nickel; between 40 and 50 wt. % titanium; and between 0.01 and 0.15 wt. % yttrium. The resulting alloy is capable of being drawn into various forms, e.g., fine medical-grade wire, without exhibiting an unacceptable tendency to develop surface defects or to fracture or crack during cold drawing or forging. The resulting final forms exhibit favorable fatigue strength and fatigue-resistant characteristics.
1. A method of making a nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy consisting of nickel, titanium and yttrium with inevitable impurities, the method comprising:
providing between 50 wt. % nickel and 60 wt. % nickel;
providing between 40 wt. % titanium and 50 wt. % titanium, the titanium having a purity of up to about 99.8%;
providing between 0.01 wt. % yttrium and 0.15 wt. % yttrium; and
vacuum melting the components under a vacuum pressure of about 0.67 Pa to form an ingot including the nickel, the titanium and the yttrium;
forming the ingot into a fine wire construct having a diameter of up to 1 mm, the step of forming accomplished by repetitive hot or cold working and annealing cycles; and
cold working and applying a heat treatment step to impart superelastic mechanical properties;
wherein the fine wire product has a fatigue endurance such that the wire product survives 1 million cycles at a strain amplitude of 1%.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming the ingot into an intermediate construct comprising one of a rod, wire, tube, sheet or plate by repetitive cold-forming and annealing cycles.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the NiTi alloy has Ti-rich oxides with an average transverse inclusion dimension less than 2 μm.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the NiTi alloy comprises one or more impurities of up to 0.05 wt. % each.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the NiTi alloy has Ti-rich oxides with an average transverse inclusion dimension less than 1 μm.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the NiTi alloy comprises one or more impurities of up to 0.05 wt. % each.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the NiTi alloy has Ti-rich oxides with an average transverse inclusion dimension less than 2 μm.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising forming the ingot into an intermediate construct comprising one of a rod, wire, tube, sheet or plate by repetitive cold-forming and annealing cycles.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the NiTi alloy comprises one or more impurities of up to 0.05 wt. % each.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the NiTi alloy comprises one or more impurities of up to 0.05 wt. % each.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the NiTi alloy has Ti-rich oxides with an average transverse inclusion dimension less than 1 μm.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising forming the ingot into an intermediate construct comprising one of a rod, wire, tube, sheet or plate by repetitive cold-forming and annealing cycles.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the NiTi alloy comprises one or more impurities of up to 0.05 wt. % each.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the NiTi alloy comprises one or more impurities of up to 0.05 wt. % each.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the NiTi alloy comprises one or more impurities of up to 0.05 wt. % each.