Implantable medical device with pressure sensor
An implantable medical device (IMD) is configured with a pressure sensor. The IMD includes a housing and a diaphragm that is exposed to the environment outside of the housing. The diaphragm is configured to transmit a pressure from the environment outside of the housing to a piezoelectric membrane. In response, the piezoelectric membrane generates a voltage and/or a current, which is representative of a pressure change applied to the housing diaphragm. In some cases, only changes in pressure over time are used, not absolute or gauge pressures.
1. A leadless cardiac pacemaker (LCP) for implantation in a ventricle of a heart, wherein the heart includes an atrium that contracts to supply blood to the ventricle, the LCP configured to sense cardiac activity and to deliver pacing therapy to the ventricle of the heart, the LCP comprising:
a housing having a proximal end and a distal end;
a first electrode secured relative to the housing and exposed to the environment outside of the housing;
a second electrode secured relative to the housing and exposed to the environment outside of the housing;
a diaphragm that is exposed to the environment outside of the housing, the diaphragm is responsive to an external pressure applied to the diaphragm by the environment outside of the housing;
a piezoelectric membrane having a first pressure sensor electrode and a second pressure sensor electrode, the piezoelectric membrane is configured to generate an electrical voltage between the first pressure sensor electrode and the second pressure sensor electrode in response to a flexing of the diaphragm caused by a pressure change applied to the diaphragm;
circuitry in the housing operatively coupled to the first electrode and the second electrode of the LCP, and also operatively coupled to the first pressure sensor electrode and the second pressure sensor electrode, the circuitry is configured to deliver a pacing therapy to the ventricle of the heart via the first electrode and the second electrode;
wherein the diaphragm is configured to flex and cause the piezoelectric membrane to generate an electrical signal responsive to a change in pressure in the ventricle of the heart that is caused by a contraction of the atrium of the heart, and wherein the circuitry is configured to identify an atrial contraction of the heart based at least in part on the electrical signal produced by the piezoelectric membrane responsive to a change in pressure in the ventricle of the heart that is caused by a contraction of the atrium of the heart; and
wherein a timing of delivery of at least part of the pacing therapy delivered to the ventricle of the heart by the circuitry is based at least in part on the identified atrial contraction of the heart.
2. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the circuitry is configured to detect a pressure pulse that corresponds to an atrial kick by monitoring the electrical voltage generated between the first pressure sensor electrode and the second pressure sensor electrode by the piezoelectric membrane.
3. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the diaphragm has an interior surface that faces toward an interior of the housing, and the piezoelectric membrane is secured to at least part of the interior surface of the diaphragm.
4. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the diaphragm has an interior surface that faces toward an interior of the housing, and the piezoelectric membrane is spaced a distance from the interior surface of the diaphragm and is operatively coupled to the interior surface of the diaphragm via an incompressible fluid.
5. The LCP of claim 4 , wherein the incompressible fluid is in a fluid cavity that is at least partially defined by the interior surface of the diaphragm and is in operative communication with both the interior surface of the diaphragm and the piezoelectric membrane, wherein the fluid cavity is configured to communicate a pressure applied to the incompressible fluid by the diaphragm to the piezoelectric membrane.
6. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the diaphragm has an interior surface that faces toward an interior of the housing, and the piezoelectric membrane is spaced a distance from the interior surface of the diaphragm and is operatively coupled to the interior surface of the diaphragm via a mechanical linkage, wherein the mechanical linkage is configured to translate movement of the diaphragm to a pressure applied to the piezoelectric membrane.
7. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the diaphragm of the housing includes one or more contours.
8. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the diaphragm has a thinness that produces a flexibility in the diaphragm that is responsive to a change in pressure in the ventricle of the heart that is caused by the contraction of the atrium of the heart and causes the piezoelectric membrane to generate the electrical signal that is suitable for the circuitry to identify the atrial contraction of the heart.
9. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the diaphragm is structured and is formed of a material that produces a flexibility in the diaphragm that is responsive to a change in pressure in the ventricle of the heart that is caused by the contraction of the atrium of the heart and causes the piezoelectric membrane to generate the electrical signal that is suitable for the circuitry to identify the atrial contraction of the heart.
10. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the diaphragm is integrally formed with the housing.
11. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the diaphragm is hermetically sealed to the housing.
12. The LCP of claim 1 , further comprising a fixation member at the distal end of the housing for fixing the distal end of the housing to an implant site, and wherein the diaphragm of the housing is adjacent the proximal end of the housing.
13. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the housing includes an elongated body with a distal end surface facing distally and a proximal end surface facing proximally, wherein the diaphragm of the housing is situated on the proximal end surface of the housing.
14. The LCP of claim 1 , wherein the circuitry is configured to sample the electrical signal produced by the piezoelectric membrane at a sample rate of 100 Hertz or more.
15. A leadless cardiac pacemaker (LCP) for implantation in a ventricle of a heart, wherein the heart includes an atrium that contracts to supply blood to the ventricle, the LCP configured to sense cardiac activity and to pace the heart, the LCP comprising:
a housing having a proximal end and a distal end;
a first electrode secured relative to the housing and exposed to the environment outside of the housing;
a second electrode secured relative to the housing and exposed to the environment outside of the housing;
the housing having a diaphragm that is exposed to the environment outside of the housing, the diaphragm is responsive to a pressure applied to the diaphragm by the environment outside of the housing;
a piezoelectric material operatively coupled to the diaphragm of the housing for detecting a deflection in the diaphragm by generating charge that is representative of the pressure applied to the diaphragm by the environment outside of the housing; and
circuitry in the housing in operative communication with the first electrode, the second electrode and the piezoelectric material, the circuitry is configured to deliver a pacing therapy to the patient's heart via the first electrode and the second electrode,
wherein the diaphragm, the piezoelectric membrane and the circuitry are collectively configured to be responsive to a change in pressure in the ventricle of the heart that is caused by a contraction of the atrium of the heart such that the circuitry can identify an atrial contraction of the heart based at least in part on the charge generated by the piezoelectric membrane in response to the change in pressure in the ventricle of the heart that is caused by the contraction of the atrium of the heart;
wherein the circuitry is further configured to control the pacing therapy based, at least in part, on the identified atrial contraction of the heart.
16. The LCP of claim 15 , wherein the diaphragm has a thinness that produces a flexibility in the diaphragm that is responsive to a change in pressure in the ventricle of the heart that is caused by the contraction of the atrium of the heart and causes the piezoelectric membrane to generate the charge that is suitable for the circuitry to identify the atrial contraction of the heart.
17. The LCP of claim 15 , wherein the diaphragm is structured and is formed of a material that produces a flexibility in the diaphragm that is responsive to a change in pressure in the ventricle of the heart that is caused by the contraction of the atrium of the heart and causes the piezoelectric membrane to generate the charge that is suitable for the circuitry to identify the atrial contraction of the heart.
18. The LCP of claim 17 wherein the circuitry is configured to sample the charge generated by the piezoelectric material at a sample rate of 100 Hertz or more.
19. A leadless cardiac pacemaker (LCP) for implantation in a ventricle of a heart, wherein the heart includes an atrium that contracts to supply blood to the ventricle, the LCP comprising:
a housing having a proximal end and a distal end;
a first electrode secured relative to the housing and exposed to the environment outside of the housing;
a second electrode secured relative to the housing and exposed to the environment outside of the housing;
the housing having a diaphragm that is exposed to the environment outside of the housing, the diaphragm is responsive to a pressure applied to the diaphragm by the environment outside of the housing;
a piezoelectric membrane disposed on an inner surface of the diaphragm, the piezoelectric membrane generating a charge in response to the pressure applied to the diaphragm by the environment outside of the housing, wherein the diaphragm and the piezoelectric membrane are configured to deform with a changing pressure to detect a change in pressure in the ventricle of the heart caused by a contraction of the atrium of the heart; and
circuitry in the housing in operative communication with the first electrode, the second electrode and the piezoelectric membrane, wherein the circuitry is configured to detect the change in pressure in the ventricle of the patient's heart caused by the contraction of the atrium from the charge generated by the piezoelectric membrane and/or a change in pressure caused by a heart sound, the circuitry is further configured to deliver an electrostimulation therapy to the patient's heart via the first electrode and the second electrode that is based, at least in part, on the detected change in pressure in the ventricle of the patient's heart caused by the contraction of the atrium.
20. The LCP of claim 19 , wherein the piezoelectric membrane comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
21. The LCP of claim 19 , wherein the circuitry is configured to sample the charge generated by the piezoelectric membrane at a sample rate of 100 Hertz or more.