Determining antigen-specific T-cells

1. A method of determining the sequence of paired alpha (α) and beta (β) T-cell receptor (TCR) chains specific for one or more antigens of interest in a sample comprising T cells specific for a plurality of antigen, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) sequencing recombined nucleic acids encoding one or more TCR chain(s) or a portion thereof from a first portion of the sample to generate a first multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from T cells prior to antigen exposure of the sample, wherein the sequencing is high-throughput sequencing

(b) partitioning a second portion of the sample comprising T cells into a plurality of reaction mixtures and exposing each reaction mixture of the plurality of reaction mixtures to a plurality of antigens, wherein each antigen of the plurality of antigens is present in a predetermined unique subplurality of the plurality of reaction mixtures;

(c) for each reaction mixture in the plurality of reaction mixtures, isolating T cells that interact with one or more antigens in the plurality of antigens from the reaction mixture to obtain a subset of antigen-interacting T cells, wherein each of the subsets of antigen-interacting T cells corresponds to one reaction mixture in the plurality of reaction mixtures;

(d) for each of the subsets of antigen-specific T cells separated in step (c), sequencing recombined nucleic acids encoding TCR α chains and TCR β chains to provide a multiplicity of sequence reads from which TCR α chain and TCR β chain clonotypes, respectively, are determined, wherein the sequencing is high-throughput sequencing;

(e) for each reaction mixture in the plurality of reaction mixtures, identifying a plurality of antigen-specific TCR α chains and a plurality of TCR β chains by comparing the multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from each of the subsets of antigen-specific T cells in step (d) to the first multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from unstimulated T cells in step (a)

wherein the frequency of the sequence reads for both antigen-specific TCR α chains and the antigen-specific TCR β chains are increased in the multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from the subsets of antigen-specific T cells compared to the frequency of sequence reads for the antigen-specific TCR α chains and antigen-specific TCR β chains in the first multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from unstimulated T cells; and

(f) for each of the one or more antigens of interest, identifying one or more TCR α chains and one or more TCR β chains specific for the antigen of interest from the one or more TCR α and TCR β chains identified in step (e),

wherein the frequency of the sequence reads for the one or more TCR α chains specific for the antigen of interest and the one or more TCR β chains specific for the antigen of interest are both increased in the plurality of sequence reads obtained from each of the subsets of antigen-specific T cells in which the antigen of interest was present in the corresponding reaction mixture, and

wherein the frequency of the sequence reads for each of the one or more TCR α chains specific for the antigen of interest and the one or more TCR β chains specific for the antigen of interest are not detected or are not increased in the plurality of sequence reads obtained from each of the subsets of antigen-specific T cells in which the antigen of interest was not present in the corresponding reaction mixture.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises a population of T cells comprising at least 1000 T cells, wherein each different T cell of the population has a frequency within the population, and wherein the number of reaction mixtures in the plurality of reaction mixtures depends on said size of the population and the frequency of said T cells whose TCR α chains and TCR β chains are to be determined.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the number of reaction mixtures in the plurality of reaction mixtures is selected so that the T cells are distributed among the reaction mixtures in accordance with a binomial model.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of exposing includes incubating the plurality of antigens with the reaction mixture for a predetermined interval.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of antigens comprises a plurality of proteins or a plurality of peptides derived from a protein.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of isolating is implemented with an antigen reagent or with a binding compound specific for an activation marker.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises samples from a plurality of individuals.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample comprises peripheral blood or is derived from peripheral blood.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of antigens are presented by gene-modified cells expressing the antigens.

10. A method of determining clonotypes of antigen-specific T cells in a sample comprising T cells, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) sequencing recombined nucleic acids encoding one or more TCR chain(s) or a portion thereof from a first portion of the sample to generate a first multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from T cells prior to antigen exposure of the sample from which clonotypes are determined, wherein the sequencing is high-throughput sequencing;

(b) partitioning a second portion of the sample comprising T cells into a plurality of reaction mixtures and exposing each reaction mixture of the plurality of reaction mixtures to a plurality of antigens, wherein each antigen of said plurality of antigens is present in an unique and predetermined subplurality of the plurality of reaction mixtures;

(c) for each reaction mixture in the plurality of reaction mixtures, separating T cells that interact with one or more antigens in the plurality of antigens from the reaction mixture to obtain a subset of antigen-interacting T cells wherein each of the subsets of antigen-specific T cells corresponds to one reaction mixture in the plurality of reaction mixtures;

(d) for each of the subsets of antigen-specific T cells separated in step (c), sequencing recombined nucleic acids encoding one or more TCR chain(s) or a portion thereof to generate a multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from each of the subsets of antigen-specific T cells from which clonotypes are determined, wherein the sequencing is high-throughput sequencing;

(e) for each reaction mixture in the plurality of reaction mixtures, identifying a plurality of antigen-specific TCR chains by comparing the multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from each of the subsets of antigen-specific T cells in step (d) to the first multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from unstimulated T cells in step (a),

wherein the frequency of the sequence reads for the antigen-specific TCR chains is increased in the multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from the subsets of antigen-specific T cells compared to the frequency of sequence reads for the antigen-specific TCR chains in the first multiplicity of sequence reads obtained from unstimulated T cells; and

(f) for each of the one or more antigens of interest, identifying a clonotype of a T cell specific for the antigen of interest from the one or more TCR chains identified in step (e), wherein the clonotype frequency increases in substantially every subset of antigen-specific T cells in which the antigen of interest was present in the corresponding reaction mixture; and

wherein the clonotype frequency does not increase in substantially every subset of antigen-specific T cells in which the antigen of interest was not present in the corresponding reaction mixture.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sample contains a population of T cells comprising at least 1000 T cells and each different T cell of the population has a frequency within the population, and wherein the number of reaction mixtures in the plurality of reaction mixtures depends on said size of the population and the frequency of said T cells whose clonotypes are to be determined.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the step of exposing includes reacting the plurality of antigens with said T cells.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein said step of reacting further includes incubating said antigens with said T cells for at least a predetermined interval.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of antigens comprises a plurality of a proteins or a plurality of peptides derived from a protein, and wherein the sample comprises peripheral blood or is derived from peripheral blood.

15. The method of claim 10 , wherein said step of isolating is implemented with an antigen reagent with a binding compound specific for an activation marker.

16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of antigens are presented by gene-modified cells expressing the antigen.