Monitoring health and disease status using clonotype profiles
There is a need for improved methods for determining the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with conditions, including autoimmune disease and cancer, especially lymphoid neoplasms, such as lymphomas and leukemias. Provided herein are methods for using DNA sequencing to identify personalized, or patient-specific biomarkers in patients with lymphoid neoplasms, autoimmune disease and other conditions. Identified biomarkers can be used to determine and/or monitor the disease state for a subject with an associated lymphoid disorder or autoimmune disease or other condition. In particular, the invention provides a sensitive method for monitoring lymphoid neoplasms that undergo clonal evolutions without the need to development alternative assays for the evolved or mutated clones serving as patient-specific biomarkers.
1. A method of monitoring a cancer in a patient by one or more patient-specific clonotypes correlated with the cancer, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) amplifying molecules of nucleic acid from T-cells and/or B-cells from a sample obtained from the patient, the molecules of nucleic acid comprising recombined DNA sequences from T-cell receptor genes or immunoglobulin genes;
(b) sequencing the amplified molecules of nucleic acid by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to form a clonotype profile, wherein the clonotype profile comprises at least 10,000 clonotype sequences of 20 to 400 nucleotides in length; and
(c) comparing the clonotype sequences of the clonotype profile of the sample obtained from the patient to clonotype sequences of a clonotype profile of a sample from a tissue that is not associated with the cancer to determine from the clonotype profile of the sample obtained from the patient a presence, absence and/or level of one or more patient-specific clonotypes correlated with the cancer and phylogenic clonotypes thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
repeating said steps (a) and (b) with a successive sample obtained from said patient; and
comparing the clonotype sequences of the clonotype profile of the successive sample to the clonotype sequences of the clonotype profile formed at step (b) of claim 1 to determine from the clonotype profile of the successive sample a presence, absence and/or level of said one or more patient-specific clonotypes and phylogenic clonotypes thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the successive sample is a peripheral blood sample.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample obtained from said patient is a solid tumor sample.
5. A method for monitoring cancer, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) amplifying molecules of nucleic acid from T-cells and/or B-cells from a sample of lymphocytes in a tumor from the patient, the molecules of nucleic acid comprising recombined DNA sequences from T-cell receptor genes or immunoglobulin genes;
(b) sequencing the amplified molecules of nucleic acid by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to form a clonotype profile, wherein the clonotype profile comprises at least 10,000 clonotype sequences of 20 to 400 nucleotides in length;
(c) comparing the clonotype sequences of the clonotype profile of the sample obtained from the patient to clonotype sequences of a clonotype profile of a sample from a tissue that is not associated with the cancer to identify one or more patient-specific clonotypes correlated with the cancer;
(d) repeating said steps (a) and (b) with a sample of peripheral blood cells obtained from the patient;
(e) comparing the clonotype sequences of the clonotype profile of the sample of peripheral blood cells to the clonotype sequences of the clonotype profile of the sample of lymphocytes in the tumor to identify a presence, absence and/or level of the one or more patient-specific clonotypes correlated with the cancer; and
(c) repeating steps (d) and (e) to monitor the cancer in the patient.
6. The method of claim 2 , further comprising determining a disease status of said cancer from an increase or decrease of frequencies of patient-specific clonotypes correlated with said cancer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amplifying comprises amplifying recombined DNA sequences from T-cell receptor genes.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the recombined DNA sequences comprise a genomic rearrangement selected from the group consisting of: a VDJ rearrangement of TCR β, a DJ rearrangement of TCR β, a VJ rearrangement of TCR α, a VJ rearrangement of TCR λ, a VDJ rearrangement of TCR δ, and a VD rearrangement of TCR δ.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the recombined DNA sequences comprise T-cell receptor (TCR) complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3)-encoding DNA sequences.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the CDR3-encoding DNA sequences comprise TCR β CDR3-encoding DNA sequences.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amplifying comprises amplifying recombined DNA sequences from immunoglobulin genes.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the recombined sequences comprise a genomic rearrangement selected from the group consisting of: a VDJ rearrangement of IgH, a DJ rearrangement of IgH, a VJ rearrangement of IgK, and a VJ rearrangement of IgL.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the recombined DNA sequences are recombined genomic DNA sequences.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cancer is a malignant lymphoid neoplasm.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the malignant lymphoid neoplasm is a lymphoma and the sample obtained from the patient is from bone marrow or a lymphoid tissue.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the malignant lymphoid neoplasm is a leukemia and the sample obtained from the patient is from bone marrow or peripheral blood.
17. The method of claim 5 , wherein the amplifying comprises amplifying recombined DNA sequences from T-cell receptor genes.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the recombined DNA sequences comprise TCR β CDR3-encoding DNA sequences.
19. The method of claim 5 , wherein the amplifying comprises amplifying recombined DNA sequences from immunoglobulin genes.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the recombined sequences comprise a genomic rearrangement selected from the group consisting of: a VDJ rearrangement of IgH, a DJ rearrangement of IgH, a VJ rearrangement of IgK, and a VJ rearrangement of IgL.