Integrated on-chip polarizer
A low loss high extinction ratio on-chip polarizer. The polarizer includes an input waveguide taper having an outer waveguiding region that widens in the direction of light propagation along at least a portion of the taper length, and a core waveguiding region that narrows in the direction of light propagation along at least a portion of the taper length, so as to selectively squeeze out light of undesired modes into the outer regions while preserving light of a desired mode in the waveguide core. An output filter section is provided to prevent light from reentering the output waveguide after being squeezed out. An integrated light absorber/deflector may be coupled to the outer waveguiding regions.
1. A waveguide polarizer, comprising:
an input optical waveguide capable of supporting a first mode and a second mode;
an output optical waveguide for outputting the first mode; and
a mode-selective expander (MSE), extending between the input and output optical waveguides, comprising:
a mode separating section for separating the first mode from the second mode; and
an output filter section for preventing the second mode from entering the output optical waveguide;
wherein the mode separating section comprises:
a ridge waveguiding region disposed to receive light of the first and second modes from the input optical waveguide, and
an outer slab waveguiding region disposed alongside the ridge waveguiding region in optical communication therewith;
wherein the ridge waveguiding region and the outer slab waveguiding region are configured to expand the light of the second mode from the ridge waveguiding region into the outer slab waveguiding region, and to propagate the first mode along the ridge waveguiding region for coupling into the output optical waveguide, so that the outer slab waveguiding region remains substantially absent of the first mode; and
wherein the output filter section comprises a pair of angled surfaces, each at an acute angle to the output waveguide on opposite sides thereof, both facing substantially rearwardly towards the mode separating section for reflecting light in the outer slab waveguiding region away from the output waveguide on the opposite sides thereof.
2. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 1 , wherein the MSE comprises a strip-loaded waveguide defined by the ridge waveguiding region and the outer slab waveguiding region, wherein said strip loaded waveguide is thinner in the outer slab waveguiding region than in the ridge waveguiding region.
3. A waveguide polarizer, comprising:
an input optical waveguide capable of supporting a first mode and a second mode;
an output optical waveguide for outputting the first mode; and
a mode-selective expander (MSE), extending between the input and output optical waveguides, comprising:
a mode separating section for separating the first mode from the second mode; and
an output filter section for preventing the second mode from entering the output optical waveguide;
wherein the mode separating section comprises:
a ridge waveguiding region disposed to receive light of the first and second modes from the input optical waveguide, and
an outer slab waveguiding region disposed alongside the ridge waveguiding region in optical communication therewith;
wherein the ridge waveguiding region and the outer slab waveguiding region are configured to expand the light of the second mode from the ridge waveguiding region into the outer slab waveguiding region, and to propagate the first mode along the ridge waveguiding region for coupling into the output optical waveguide, so that the outer slab waveguiding region remains substantially absent of the first mode; and
wherein the MSE comprises an input taper section in which the outer slab waveguiding region gradually widens in a direction of light propagation, and the ridge waveguiding region gradually narrows in the direction of light propagation.
4. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 1 , wherein the acute angle is between 10° and 60°.
5. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 1 , wherein the output optical filter comprises a pair of wedge-shaped sections in the outer slab waveguiding region on opposite sides of the output waveguide forming the angled surfaces; and wherein the wedge-shaped sections, each comprises a material with a lower index of refraction than the slab waveguiding region.
6. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 5 , wherein each wedge-shaped section includes an apex spaced apart from the output waveguide pointing rearwardly towards the mode separating section.
7. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 6 , wherein each wedge-shaped section is space apart from the output waveguide by a tapering section of the outer slab waveguiding region.
8. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 5 , wherein each wedge-shaped section further comprises: an absorbent doping layer.
9. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 5 , wherein each wedge-shaped section further comprises a reflective layer for reflecting light away from the output waveguide.
10. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 5 , wherein each wedge-shaped section further comprises a diffraction grating for scattering light away from the output waveguide.
11. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 1 , further comprising an optical shielding disposed about the MSE to prevent light of the second mode to couple into an external optical device and/or to shield the MSE from external light.
12. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 1 , further comprising a light absorber configured to selectively absorb light propagating in the outer slab waveguiding region.
13. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 1 , wherein the first mode is characterized by a greater effective refractive index in the MSE than the second mode.
14. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 3 , wherein the output filter section comprises a pair of angled surfaces, each at an acute angle to the output waveguide on opposite sides thereof, both facing substantially rearwardly towards the mode separating section for reflecting light in the slab waveguiding region away from the output waveguide on the opposite sides thereof.
15. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 3 , wherein the outer slab waveguiding region gradually widens along a first length of the input taper section, while the ridge waveguiding region remains at a constant width, and wherein the ridge waveguiding region gradually narrows along a second length of the input taper section following the first length in the direction of light propagation, while the outer slab waveguiding region remains at a constant width.
16. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 3 , wherein the MSE also comprises a mode squeezing section in which the ridge waveguiding region remains at a constant width less than the width of the input waveguide for squeezing the second mode out of the ridge waveguiding region.
17. A waveguide polarizer, comprising:
an input optical waveguide capable of supporting a first mode and a second mode;
an output optical waveguide for outputting the first mode;
a mode-selective expander (MSE), extending between the input and output optical waveguides, comprising:
a mode separating section for separating the first mode from the second mode; and
an output filter section for preventing the second mode from entering the output optical waveguide; and
wherein the mode separating section comprises:
a ridge waveguiding region disposed to receive light of the first and second modes from the input optical waveguide, and
an outer slab waveguiding region disposed alongside the ridge waveguiding region in optical communication therewith;
wherein the ridge waveguiding region and the outer slab waveguiding region are configured to expand the light of the second mode from the ridge waveguiding region into the outer slab waveguiding region, and to propagate the first mode along the ridge waveguiding region for coupling into the output optical waveguide, so that the outer slab waveguiding region remains substantially absent of the first mode; and
a light absorber configured to selectively absorb light propagating in the outer slab waveguiding region;
wherein the light absorber comprises at least one of: a metal layer coupled to the outer slab waveguiding region, a layer of light-absorbing semiconductor material coupled to the outer slab waveguiding region, and a doped region of a semiconductor layer forming the outer slab waveguiding region.
18. A waveguide polarizer, comprising:
an input optical waveguide capable of supporting a first mode and a second mode;
an output optical waveguide for outputting the first mode;
a mode-selective expander (MSE), extending between the input and output optical waveguides, comprising:
a mode separating section for separating the first mode from the second mode; and
an output filter section for preventing the second mode from entering the output optical waveguide; and
wherein the mode separating section comprises:
a ridge waveguiding region disposed to receive light of the first and second modes from the input optical waveguide, and
an outer slab waveguiding region disposed alongside the ridge waveguiding region in optical communication therewith; and
wherein the ridge waveguiding region and the outer slab waveguiding region are configured to expand the light of the second mode from the ridge waveguiding region into the outer slab waveguiding region, and to propagate the first mode along the ridge waveguiding region for coupling into the output optical waveguide, so that the outer slab waveguiding region remains substantially absent of the first mode; and
a light redirecting element configured to selectively re-direct light propagating in the outer slab waveguiding region thereof away from the output optical waveguide.
19. The waveguide polarizer according to claim 18 , wherein the light redirecting element comprises one of: an optical grating formed in the outer slab waveguiding region or optically coupled therewith, and an auxiliary waveguiding layer optically coupled to the outer slab waveguiding region to re-direct light propagating therein away from the ridge waveguiding region.