Methods of producing nor-opioid and nal-opioid benzylisoquinoline alkaloids

1. A method of altering an opioid to a nal-opioid, comprising:

contacting the opioid with at least a first enzyme, wherein contacting the opioid with the at least a first enzyme converts the opioid to a nor-opioid through removal of a N-linked methyl group from the opioid; and

contacting the nor-opioid with at least a second enzyme, wherein contacting the nor-opioid with the at least a second enzyme in the presence of a cofactor converts the nor-opioid to the nal-opioid through transfer of a sidechain from the cofactor.

2. A method of altering an opioid to a nal-opioid, comprising:

contacting a first opioid with at least one enzyme, wherein contacting the first opioid with the at least one enzyme converts the first opioid to a second opioid through loss of an O-linked methyl group;

contacting the second opioid with at least a second enzyme, wherein contacting the opioid with the at least a second enzyme converts the second opioid to the nor-opioid through loss of an N-linked methyl group; and

contacting the nor-opioid with at least a third enzyme, wherein contacting the nor-opioid with the at least a third enzyme in the presence of a cofactor converts the nor-opioid to a nal-opioid through transfer of a sidechain from the cofactor.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nal-opioid is produced by culturing an engineered cell comprising a coding sequence for encoding the first enzyme and the second enzyme.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the nor-opioid is produced by culturing an engineered cell comprising a coding sequence for encoding the first enzyme, the second enzyme, and the third enzyme.

5. The method of claim 3 , further comprising:

recovering the nal-opioid from the cell culture.

6. An engineered cell that produces a nor-opioid from an opioid produced from and present within the engineered cell, the engineered cell comprising a heterologous coding sequence encoding an N-demethylase produced by the engineered cell, wherein the N-demethylase converts the opioid within the engineered cell to the nor-opioid and wherein the nor-opioid is produced within the engineered cell.

7. The engineered cell of claim 6 , further comprising heterologous coding sequence encoding an N-methyltransferase.

8. The engineered cell of claim 6 , wherein the opioid is produced within the engineered cell by a metabolic pathway starting with L-tyrosine.

9. A method of altering a nor-opioid to a nal-opioid, comprising:

contacting said nor-opioid with at least one enzyme, wherein contacting said nor-opioid with said enzyme in the presence of a cofactor converts said nor-opioid to a nal-opioid through transfer of a sidechain from the cofactor.

10. A method for forming a product stream having a nor-opioid product, comprising:

i. providing engineered cells and a feedstock including nutrients and water to a batch reactor, which engineered cells have at least one heterologous coding sequence comprising a N-demethylase enzyme;

ii. in said batch reactor, subjecting said engineered cells to fermentation by incubating said engineered cells for a time period of at least about 5 minutes to produce a solution comprising said nor-opioid and cellular material; and

iii. using at least one separation unit to separate said nor-opioid from said cellular material to provide said product stream comprising said nor-opioid.

11. The method of claim 4 , further comprising:

recovering the nal-opioid from the cell culture.