Access node farm for end-to-end beamforming
Methods and systems are described for providing end-to-end beamforming. For example, end-to-end beamforming systems include end-to-end relays and ground networks to provide communications to user terminals located in user beam coverage areas. The ground segment can include geographically distributed access nodes and a central processing system. Return uplink signals, transmitted from the user terminals, have multipath induced by a plurality of receive/transmit signal paths in the end to end relay and are relayed to the ground network. The ground network, using beamformers, recovers user data streams transmitted by the user terminals from return downlink signals. The ground network, using beamformers generates forward uplink signals from appropriately weighted combinations of user data streams that, after relay by the end-end-end relay, produce forward downlink signals that combine to form user beams.
1. A system for providing communication services to a plurality of user terminals via an end-to-end relay having L forward feeder antenna elements and having a satellite beacon generator to transmit a relay beacon signal, the system comprising:
an access node farm having M access nodes that concurrently transmit M forward uplink signals to the end-to-end relay over a same uplink frequency range and a same polarization, each access node of the access node farm comprising:
a network interface to obtain a respective access node-specific forward signal of a plurality of access node-specific forward signals, each respective access node-specific forward signal comprising a respective composite of forward beam signals weighted by respective forward beamforming weights of a forward beam weight matrix;
a receiver to receive the relay beacon signal from the end-to-end relay;
a phase compensator to phase-synchronize the respective access node-specific forward signal according to the relay beacon signal to form a respective phase-synchronized access node-specific forward signal; and
a transmitter to transmit the respective phase-synchronized access node-specific forward signal as a respective one of the M forward uplink signals to a plurality of the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay over the same uplink frequency range and the same polarization,
wherein L and M are positive integers, and M is greater than L.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the M access nodes are spread geographically over a distinct access node area.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the access node farm is one of a plurality of access node farms, each access node farm comprising a respective plurality of access nodes spread geographically over a respective access node area.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein:
the respective access node area of a first access node farm of the plurality of access node farms at least partially overlaps with the respective access node area of at least a second access node farm of the plurality of access node farms;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the first access node farm transmits first forward uplink signals over a same first uplink frequency range and a same first polarization;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the second access node farm transmits second forward uplink signals over a same second uplink frequency range and the same first polarization; and
the first uplink frequency range is different from the second uplink frequency range.
5. The system of claim 3 , wherein:
the respective access node area of a first access node farm of the plurality of access node farms at least partially overlaps with the respective access node area of at least a second access node farm of the plurality of access node farms;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the first access node farm transmits first forward uplink signals over a same first uplink frequency range and a same first polarization;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the second access node farm transmits second forward uplink signals over the same first uplink frequency range and a same second polarization; and
the first polarization is different from the second polarization.
6. The system of claim 3 , wherein:
the respective access node area of a first access node farm of the plurality of access node farms at least partially overlaps with the respective access node area of at least a second access node farm of the plurality of access node farms;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the first access node farm transmits first forward uplink signals over a same first uplink frequency range and a same first polarization;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the second access node farm transmits second forward uplink signals over a same second uplink frequency range and a same second polarization; and
the first uplink frequency range is different from the second uplink frequency range, and the first polarization is different from the second polarization.
7. The system of claim 3 , wherein:
the respective access node area of a first access node farm of the plurality of access node farms is completely non-overlapping with the respective access node area of at least a second access node farm of the plurality of access node farms;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the first access node farm transmits first forward uplink signals over a same first uplink frequency range and a same first polarization; and
the respective plurality of access nodes of the second access node farm transmits second forward uplink signals over the same first uplink frequency range and the same first polarization.
8. The system of claim 3 , wherein:
a first of the plurality of access node farms comprises a first plurality of access nodes that concurrently transmit first forward uplink signals to a first plurality of the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay;
a second of the plurality of access node farms comprises a second plurality of access nodes that concurrently transmit second forward uplink signals to a second plurality of the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay; and
the first plurality of forward feeder antenna elements is different from the second plurality of forward feeder antenna elements.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the transmitter of each access node is to transmit the respective one of the M forward uplink signals to all of the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of the ANs further comprises:
a timing compensator to time-synchronize the respective access node-specific forward signal according to the relay beacon signal further to form the respective phase-synchronized access node-specific forward signal.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein:
the transmitter is further to transmit, to the end-to-end relay, an access node beacon signal associated with the access node;
the receiver is further to receive, from the end-to-end relay, a looped-back access node beacon signal relayed back to the access node by the end-to-end relay responsive to transmitting the access node beacon signal;
the timing compensator is further to time-synchronize the access node beacon signal with the relay beacon signal in accordance with the looped-back access node beacon signal; and
the transmitter is further to transmit the respective phase-synchronized access node-specific forward signal as the respective one of the M forward uplink signals synchronized with the access node beacon signal associated with the access node.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the M access nodes concurrently transmit the M forward uplink signals to the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay over the same uplink frequency range and the same polarization to form K user beams; and
M does not equal K.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein M is greater than one hundred.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein M is greater than five hundred.
15. The system of claim 1 , wherein L is greater than one hundred.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein L is greater than five hundred.
17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the same uplink frequency range is within the Ka frequency band.
18. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the M access nodes are each in communication with a central processing system; and
the M access nodes are geographically distributed within at least one access node area having high-speed connectivity with the central processing system.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein:
the receiver of each access node is further to receive, from L return feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay, a plurality of return downlink signals corresponding to return uplink transmissions originating from one or more user beams, the plurality of return downlink signals received concurrently over a same downlink frequency range.
20. A method for providing communication services to a plurality of user terminals via an end-to-end relay having L forward feeder antenna elements and having a satellite beacon generator to transmit a relay beacon signal, the method comprising:
generating, by each access node of M access nodes of an access node farm, an associated one of M forward uplink signals by:
obtaining, by the access node, a respective access node-specific forward signal of a plurality of access node-specific forward signals, each respective access node-specific forward signal comprising a respective composite of forward beam signals weighted by respective forward beamforming weights of a forward beam weight matrix;
receiving the relay beacon signal by the access node from the end-to-end relay; and
phase-synchronizing, by the access node, the respective access node-specific forward signal according to the relay beacon signal to form a respective phase-synchronized access node-specific forward signal; and
transmitting, by each access node to a plurality of the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay, the respective phase-synchronized access node-specific forward signal as the one of the M forward uplink signals associated with the access node, the M access nodes transmitting the M forward uplink signals concurrently over a same uplink frequency range and a same polarization,
wherein L and M are positive integers, and M is greater than L.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the phase-synchronizing comprises:
transmitting, by the access node to the end-to-end relay, an access node beacon signal associated with the access node;
receiving, by the access node from the end-to-end relay, a looped-back access node beacon signal relayed back to the access node by the end-to-end relay responsive to the transmitting;
time-synchronizing, by the access node, the access node beacon signal with the relay beacon signal in accordance with the looped-back access node beacon signal,
wherein the transmitting by each access node is synchronized with the access node beacon signal associated with the access node.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the phase-synchronizing comprises:
receiving, by each access node from L return feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay, a plurality of return downlink signals corresponding to return uplink transmissions originating from the user beams, the plurality of return downlink signals received concurrently over a same downlink frequency range.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein the transmitting is by each access node to all of the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay.
24. The method of claim 20 , wherein the generating further comprises:
time-synchronizing, by the access node, the respective access node-specific forward signal according to the relay beacon signal further to form the respective phase-synchronized access node-specific forward signal.
25. The method of claim 20 , wherein:
the M access nodes concurrently transmit the M forward uplink signals to the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay over the same uplink frequency range and the same polarization to form K user beams; and
M does not equal K.
26. The method of claim 20 , wherein the access node farm is a first access node farm of a plurality of access node farms, each of the plurality of access node farms comprising a respective plurality of access nodes spread geographically over a respective access node area, the M access nodes being the respective plurality of access nodes of the first access node farm.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein:
the respective access node area of the first access node farm at least partially overlaps with the respective access node area of at least a second access node farm of the plurality of access node farms;
the transmitting by the M access nodes comprises transmitting first forward uplink signals over a same first uplink frequency range and the same polarization;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the second access node farm transmits second forward uplink signals over a same second uplink frequency range and the same polarization; and
the first uplink frequency range is different from the second uplink frequency range.
28. The method of claim 26 , wherein:
the respective access node area of the first access node farm at least partially overlaps with the respective access node area of at least a second access node farm of the plurality of access node farms;
the transmitting by the M access nodes comprises transmitting first forward uplink signals over the same uplink frequency range and a same first polarization;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the second access node farm transmits second forward uplink signals over the same uplink frequency range and a same second polarization; and
the first polarization is different from the second polarization.
29. The method of claim 26 , wherein:
the respective access node area of the first access node farm at least partially overlaps with the respective access node area of at least a second access node farm of the plurality of access node farms;
the transmitting by the M access nodes comprises transmitting first forward uplink signals over a same first uplink frequency range and a same first polarization;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the second access node farm transmits second forward uplink signals over a same second uplink frequency range and a same second polarization; and
the first uplink frequency range is different from the second uplink frequency range, and the first polarization is different from the second polarization.
30. The method of claim 26 , wherein:
the respective access node area of the first access node farm is completely non-overlapping with the respective access node area of at least a second access node farm of the plurality of access node farms;
the transmitting by the M access nodes comprises transmitting first forward uplink signals over the same uplink frequency range and the same polarization;
the respective plurality of access nodes of the second access node farm transmits second forward uplink signals over the same uplink frequency range and the same polarization.
31. The method of claim 26 , wherein:
the M access nodes concurrently transmit the first forward uplink signals to a first plurality of the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay;
the respective plurality of access nodes of a second access node farm of the plurality of access node farms concurrently transmits second forward uplink signals to a second plurality of the L forward feeder antenna elements of the end-to-end relay; and
the first plurality of forward feeder antenna elements is different from the second plurality of forward feeder antenna elements.