Systems and devices for filtering electrical signals
Adaptions and improvements to coaxial metal powder filters include distributing a dissipative matrix mixture comprising superconductive material, metal powder, epoxy, and/or magnetic material within a volume defined by an outer tubular conductor and inner conductor. The frequency response of the filter may be tuned by exploiting the energy gap frequency of superconductive material in the dissipative matrix. The inner surface of the outer tubular conductor may be covered with a superconductive material. For a dissipative matrix comprising magnetic material or superconductive powder particles of a certain size, an external magnetic field can be applied to tune the frequency response of the filter.
1. A system comprising an electrical signal filtering device, the electrical signal filtering device comprising:
a tubular outer conductor having an outer surface and an inner surface, and a longitudinal passage bounded by the inner surface of the tubular outer conductor, the longitudinal passage having a longitudinal center axis;
an inner conductor having an outer surface, the inner conductor extending through the longitudinal passage in a direction parallel to the longitudinal center axis; and
a dissipative matrix distributed in the longitudinal passage to occupy at least a portion of a volume defined by the inner surface of the tubular outer conductor and the outer surface of the inner conductor, wherein the dissipative matrix comprises a first material that is superconductive in a respective range of temperatures, and wherein the first material is selected to tune a characteristic of a frequency response of the electrical signal filtering device.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the dissipative matrix further comprises at least one of a non-conductive ferromagnetic and non-conductive paramagnetic material.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the characteristic of the frequency response of the electrical signal filtering device is a cut-off frequency of the electrical signal filtering device.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein the dissipative matrix comprises at least one superconducting powder selected from the group consisting of a superconducting metal, a superconducting oxide, and a superconducting ceramic, the at least one superconducting powder comprising the first material.
5. The system of claim 4 wherein the at least one superconducting powder has a particle size of the same order of magnitude as the London penetration depth of the first material.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein the dissipative matrix comprises a normal metal powder, the normal metal powder including a coating, the coating comprising the first material.
7. The system of claim 6 wherein the normal metal powder comprises at least one of a ferromagnetic and a paramagnetic material.
8. The system of claim 6 wherein the coating has a thickness of the same order of magnitude as the London penetration depth of the first material.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one of a) the inner surface of the tubular outer conductor, b) the outer surface of the tubular outer conductor, and c) the outer surface of the inner conductor has a coating, the coating comprising the first material.
10. The system of claim 9 wherein the coating has a thickness of the same order of magnitude as the London penetration depth of the first material.
11. The system of claim 1 wherein the tubular outer conductor has a cross-sectional geometry that is non-circular.
12. The system of claim 1 wherein the inner conductor comprises the first material.
13. The system of claim 1 wherein the inner conductor extending through the longitudinal passage is collinear with the longitudinal center axis.
14. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a magnetic field generator which in operation applies a magnetic field to the dissipative matrix, the magnetic field selected to tune the characteristic of the frequency response of the electrical signal filtering device.
15. The system of claim 14 wherein the magnetic field generator is an electromagnetic coil which in operation passes a current, the current selected to tune the characteristic of the frequency response of the electrical signal filtering device.
16. The system of claim 14 wherein the characteristic of the frequency response of the electrical signal filtering device is a cut-off frequency of the electrical signal filtering device.
17. A method of fabricating an electrical signal filtering device comprising:
providing a tubular outer conductor comprising a longitudinal passage bounded by an inner surface of the tubular outer conductor;
positioning an inner conductor to extend through the longitudinal passage in a direction parallel to a longitudinal center axis of the longitudinal passage; and
distributing a dissipative matrix in the longitudinal passage to occupy at least a portion of a volume defined by the inner surface of the tubular outer conductor and an outer surface of the inner conductor, wherein the dissipative matrix comprises a first material which is superconductive in a respective range of temperatures, and wherein the first material is selected to tune a characteristic of a frequency response of the electrical signal filtering device.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein positioning an inner conductor to extend through the longitudinal passage in a direction parallel to a longitudinal center axis of the longitudinal passage includes:
forming an assembly by:
inserting a first end of an inner conductor into a first receptacle that is fixed in a first coaxial connector;
soldering the first end of the inner conductor to the first receptacle that is fixed in the first coaxial connector;
inserting a second end of the inner conductor into a second receptacle;
soldering the second end of the inner conductor to the second receptacle;
inserting the assembly into the volume defined by the inner surface of the tubular outer conductor and the outer surface of the inner conductor;
fastening the first coaxial connector to a first end of the tubular outer conductor; and then
fastening a second coaxial connector to a second end of the tubular outer conductor such that the second receptacle is concurrently inserted into the second coaxial connector.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein distributing the dissipative matrix in the longitudinal passage comprises injecting the dissipative matrix into the longitudinal passage and rotating the electrical signal filtering device while the dissipative matrix is curing.