Systems and methods for preventing, mitigating, and/or treating dementia
Devices, systems, and methods for a treating dementia or Alzheimer's disease in a subject in need thereof. In one example, combined auditory and visual stimuli having a frequency of about 20 Hz to about 60 Hz, and more specifically about 40 Hz, are non-invasively delivered to the subject to induce synchronized gamma oscillations in at least one brain region of the subject. In particular, pursuant to various treatment and exposure protocols, combined auditory and visual stimulation (as opposed to auditory or visual stimulation alone) promotes a microglia response in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). More generally, combined auditory and visual stimulation induces an extended microglia clustering response in the auditory cortex, the visual cortex, and the mPFC.
1. A method for treating dementia or Alzheimer's disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising:
A) non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli having a frequency of 20 Hz to 60 Hz to the subject, wherein the auditory and visual stimuli are synchronously aligned, to induce synchronized gamma oscillations in at least one brain region of the subject.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein in A), the combined auditory and visual stimuli have a frequency of 35 Hz to 45 Hz.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein in A), the combined auditory and visual stimuli have a frequency of 40 Hz.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein A) comprises inducing periodic spiking response in 5% or more of recording sites in at least one cortex region selected from the auditory cortex (AC), the visual cortex (VC), the hippocampus (HPC), and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein A) comprises inducing local field potential (LFP) at 40 Hz in the mPFC.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein A) comprises:
A1) increasing microglial response in at least one cortex region selected from the neocortex, the AC, the VC, the HPC, and the mPFC.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein A1) comprises at least one of:
increasing the number of microglia within 25 micrometers of an amyloid plaque;
increasing microglia cell body diameter;
decreasing microglial projection length; and
increasing microglia cell count.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein A1) comprises an at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% increase in microglia cell body diameter.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein A1) comprises an at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% decrease in microglial projection length.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein A1) comprises an at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% increase in microglia cell count.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein the at least one cortex region comprises the mPFC.
12. The method of claim 6 , wherein A1) results after multiple days of non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein A1) results after 7 days of non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein A) comprises:
A2) reducing amyloid plaques in at least one cortex region selected from the neocortex, the AC, the VC, the HPC, and the mPFC.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein A2) comprises reducing a plaque size by at least 50%.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein A2) comprises reducing a plaque number by at least 50%.
17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the at least one cortex region comprises the mPFC.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein A2) results after multiple days of non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein A2) results after 7 days of non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein A) comprises:
A3) reducing an amount of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in at least one cortex region selected from the neocortex, the AC, the VC, the HPC, and the mPFC.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein A3) comprises reducing the amount of Aβ peptide by at least 50%.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein in A3), the Aβ peptide includes at least one of isoform Aβ 1-40 peptide and isoform Aβ 1-42 peptide.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein in A3), the Aβ peptide includes at least one of soluble Aβ peptide and insoluble Aβ peptide.
24. The method of claim 20 , wherein the at least one cortex region comprises the mPFC.
25. The method of claim 20 , wherein A3) results after multiple days of non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein A3) results after 7 days of non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein the auditory stimulus has a duty cycle of from 4% to 80%.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein the visual stimulus has a duty cycle of from 10% to 80%.
29. The method of claim 1 , the wherein the auditory stimulus has a duty cycle of 4% and wherein the visual stimulus has a duty cycle of 50%.
30. A method for treating dementia or Alzheimer's disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising:
A) non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli having a frequency of 35 Hz to 45 Hz, wherein the auditory and visual stimuli have a fixed phase relationship, to the subject to induce synchronized gamma oscillations in at least one brain region of the subject, wherein A) comprises at least one of:
A1) inducing periodic spiking response in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the subject;
A2) inducing local field potential (LFP) at 40 Hz in the mPFC; and
A3) increasing microglial response in the mPFC.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein A) comprises A3), and wherein A3) comprises at least one of:
increasing the number of microglia within 25 micrometers of an amyloid plaque;
increasing microglia cell body diameter;
decreasing microglial projection length; and
increasing microglia cell count.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein A3) comprises an at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% increase in microglia cell body diameter.
33. The method of claim 31 , wherein A3) comprises an at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% decrease in microglial projection length.
34. The method of claim 31 , wherein A3) comprises an at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% increase in microglia cell count.
35. The method of claim 31 , wherein A3) results after multiple days of non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli.
36. The method of claim 35 , wherein A3) results after 7 days of non-invasively delivering combined auditory and visual stimuli.
37. The method of claim 30 , wherein the auditory stimulus has a duty cycle of from 4% to 80%, and wherein the visual stimulus has a duty cycle of from 10% to 80%.