LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY INCLUDING AN ELECTROLYTE ADDITIVE
A lithium secondary battery including: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the positive electrode includes a positive active material represented by Formula 1, the electrolyte includes a lithium salt; a non-aqueous solvent; and a difluorosilane compound represented by Formula 2, and an amount of the difluorosilane compound is about 5 weight percent, based on a total weight of the electrolyte Li x Ni y M 1-y O 2-z A z Formula 1
1 . A lithium secondary battery comprising:
a positive electrode;
a negative electrode; and
an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein
the positive electrode comprises a positive active material represented by Formula 1,
the electrolyte comprises a lithium salt, a non-aqueous solvent, and a difluorosilane compound represented by Formula 2, and
an amount of the difluorosilane compound is about 5 weight percent or less, based on a total weight of the electrolyte
Li x Ni y M 1-y O 2-z A z Formula 1
wherein, in Formula 1,
0.9≤x≤1.2, 0.7≤y≤0.98, and 0≤z<0.2,
M is Al, Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, and Bi, or a combination thereof,
A is an element having an oxidation number of −1, −2, or −3, and
in Formula 2, R 1 to R 2 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted linear or branched C 1 -C 30 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 20 vinyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C 2 -C 20 allyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C 6 -C 60 aryl group.
2 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein an amount of the difluorosilane compound is in a range of about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent, based on a total weight of the electrolyte.
3 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the difluorosilane compound comprises diethyl difluorosilane, dipropyl difluorosilane, ethyl phenyl difluorosilane, diphenyl difluorosilane, or a combination thereof.
4 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the lithium salt comprises lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate, LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 , or a combination thereof.
5 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the non-aqueous solvent comprises dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, or a combination thereof.
6 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the non-aqueous solvent further comprises fluoroethylene carbonate.
7 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 6 , wherein an amount of fluoroethylene carbonate is in a range of about 0.1 volume percent to about 10 volume percent, based on a total volume of the non-aqueous solvent.
8 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a cyclic carbonate comprising a carbon-carbon double bond, a cyclic carboxylic anhydride comprising a carbon-carbon double bond, or a combination thereof.
9 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, a maleic anhydride, a succinic anhydride, or a combination thereof.
10 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises vinylene carbonate.
11 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 9 , wherein the vinylene carbonate, the maleic anhydride, or the combination thereof is present in an amount of about 0.1 weight percent to about 2 weight percent, based on a total weight of the electrolyte.
12 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein, in Formula 1, 0.8≤y≤0.98.
13 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the positive active material is represented by Formula 3 or 4:
Li x Ni y′ Co 1-y′-z′ Al z′ O 2 , or Formula 3
Li x″ Ni y″ Co 1-y″-z″ Mn z″ O 2 Formula 4
wherein, in Formula 3, 0.9≤x′≤1.2, 0.8≤y′≤0.98, 0<z′<0.1, and 0<1-y′-z′<0.2, and in Formula 4, 0.9≤x″≤1.2, 0.8≤y″≤0.98, 0<z″<0.1, and 0<1-y″-z″<0.2.
14 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the positive electrode comprises Li 1.02 Ni 0.80 Co 0.15 Mn 0.05 O 2 , Li 1.02 Ni 0.85 Co 0.1 Mn 0.05 O 2 , Li 1.02 Ni 0.85 Co 0.08 Mn 0.04 O 2 , Li 1.02 Ni 0.80 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 , Li 1.02 Ni 0.85 Co 0.1 Al 0.05 O 2 , Li 1.02 Ni 0.88 Co 0.08 Al 0.04 O 2 , LiNi 0.80 Co 0.15 Mn 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.85 Co 0.1 Mn 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.88 Co 0.08 Mn 0.04 O 2 , LiNi 0.80 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.85 Co 0.1 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.88 Co 0.08 Al 0.04 O 2 , or a combination thereof.
15 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative active material comprising a metal or metalloid that is alloyable with lithium, a carbonaceous negative active material, or a combination thereof.
16 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 15 , wherein the negative active material comprising a metalloid that is alloyable with lithium comprises silicon, a silicon-carbon composite material, SiO a′ , wherein 0<a′<2, or a combination thereof.
17 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 16 , wherein the negative active material comprises a silicon-carbon composite material comprising Si particles having an average particle diameter of about 200 nanometers or less.
18 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 15 , wherein the carbonaceous negative active material comprises graphite.
19 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the lithium secondary battery has a capacity retention of about 80% or greater after a 200th charge/discharge cycle at a temperature of about 25° C.
20 . The lithium secondary battery of claim 1 , wherein the lithium secondary battery has a cell energy density of about 500 watt-hours per liter or greater.