Neuromodulation techniques

1. A method, comprising:

applying a first non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment to a region of interest of a subject according to a treatment protocol having a recovery period between subsequent ultrasound energy treatments to the subject to cause a change in concentration of one or more proteins at a distal site in the subject;

measuring a concentration of the one or more proteins at the distal site and an expression level of one or more genes associated with the one or more proteins after applying the first non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment;

adjusting a time of the recovery period before applying a second non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment to the region of interest based on a relationship between the concentration of the one or more proteins and the expression level of the one or more genes; and

applying the second non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment after the adjusted time of the recovery period.

2. The method of claim 1 , additionally comprising assessing a baseline expression level of the one or more genes before applying the first non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment, and wherein the expression level of the one or more genes is assessed relative to the baseline expression level of the one or more genes.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring the expression level of the one or more genes comprises measuring the expression level of the one or more genes from RNA transcriptome data, mRNA transcriptome data, a cluster analysis of the RNA transcriptome data or the mRNA transcriptome data, or a combination thereof.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the region of interest comprises a portion of a liver.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the region of interest comprises a portion of a spleen.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the region of interest comprises a portion of a pancreas.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the relationship comprises an increase or decrease in the concentration of the one or more proteins at the distal site and a lack of change in the expression level of the one or more genes associated with the one or more proteins within a time window after applying the first non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the relationship comprises an increase or decrease in the concentration of the one or more proteins at the distal site and a change in the expression level of the one or more genes associated with the one or more proteins within a time window after applying the first non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the relationship is indicative of the expression level of the one or more genes changing from a baseline expression level before the first non-invasive ultrasound treatment, and wherein the time of the recovery period is set to an associated time of return of the expression level of the one or more genes to the baseline expression level.

10. The method of claim 1 , comprising acquiring image data of an organ comprising the region of interest, wherein the region of interest is a subregion of the organ comprising at least one axon terminal and wherein the first noninvasive ultrasound energy treatment is applied only within the region of interest.

11. A method, comprising:

acquiring image data of an organ using an ultrasound probe to spatially select a region of interest of a subject, wherein the region of interest comprises only a subregion of the organ comprising one or more axon terminals;

applying, using the ultrasound probe, a non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment directly to the spatially selected region of interest according to a treatment protocol having one or more treatment parameters, to cause a targeted physiological outcome in the subject;

measuring a concentration of a neurotransmitter and an expression level of a gene associated with the neurotransmitter after applying the non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment; and

modifying the one or more treatment parameters associated with applying an additional non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment according to the treatment protocol based on a relationship between the expression level of the gene and the concentration of the neurotransmitter associated with the gene;

wherein the gene encodes for a cell receptor of the neurotransmitter, wherein the relationship is a decrease in the expression level of the gene, and wherein modifying the one or more treatment parameters comprises extending a recovery time before applying the additional non-invasive ultrasound treatment until the decrease is no longer observed.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein applying the non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment causes the targeted physiological outcome at a distal site in the subject without inducing a change to the expression level of the gene in the region of interest.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the targeted physiological outcome comprises a change in concentration of an enzyme responsible for synthesis or secretion of circulating vasorelaxant molecules, circulating vasoconstricting molecules, or both, and wherein the gene encodes the enzyme.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the targeted physiological outcome comprises a change in blood pressure and the circulating vasorelaxant molecules comprises acetylcholine.

15. A method, comprising:

applying a first non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment to a region of interest of a subject according to a treatment protocol having one or more treatment parameters, to cause a change in concentration of one or more proteins at a distal site in the subject, wherein the one or more treatment parameters comprise a recovery period of time between sequential ultrasound energy treatments to the subject, and wherein an ultrasound energy of the first non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment is focused within the region of interest, the region of interest comprising an organ subregion having a volume of less than 25 cubic millimeters (mm 3 );

measuring a concentration of the one or more proteins at the distal site and RNA transcription of a gene associated with the one or more proteins in the region of interest after applying the first non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment; and

modifying the recovery period of time before applying a second non-invasive ultrasound energy treatment based on a relationship between the RNA transcription of the gene and the concentration of the one or more proteins associated with the gene.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein measuring the RNA transcription of the gene comprises sequencing RNA from blood cells extracted from the region of interest.