Alkaline battery having a dual-anode
Various embodiments are directed to an electrochemical cell having a non-homogeneous anode. The electrochemical cell includes a container, a cathode forming a hollow cylinder within the container, an anode positioned within the hollow cylinder of the cathode, and a separator between the cathode and the anode. The anode comprises at least two concentric anode portions, defined by different anode characteristics. For example, the two anode portions may contain different surfactant types, which provides the two anode portions with different charge transfer resistance characteristics. By lowering the charge transfer resistance of a portion of an anode located proximate the current collector of the cell (and away from the separator) relative to an anode portion located adjacent the separator, improved cell discharge performance may be obtained.
1. An electrochemical cell comprising:
a container;
a cathode forming a hollow cylinder and having a cathode outer surface adjacent an inner surface of the container and a cathode inner surface defining an interior portion of the cathode;
an anode positioned within the interior portion of the cathode, wherein the anode defines an anode outer surface adjacent the cathode inner surface and a central portion;
a separator disposed between the anode outer surface and the cathode inner surface; and
an electrolyte;
wherein the anode comprises at least two anode portions, wherein:
a first anode portion located adjacent the separator and consists of a first anode formulation having a first charge transfer resistance;
a second anode portion located at the anode central portion and consists of a second anode formulation having a second charge transfer resistance that is lower than the first charge transfer resistance;
the first anode formulation comprises a higher concentration of a first surfactant compared to the second anode formulation and the second anode formulation comprises a higher concentration of a second surfactant compared to the first anode formulation, wherein the first surfactant is a nonionic surfactant and the second surfactant is an anionic surfactant; and
a total charge transfer resistance within the anode is at least proportional to a radial location within the anode and increases continuously for at least a portion of the anode.
2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first surfactant comprises a phosphate ester surfactant and the second surfactant comprises a sulfonate surfactant.
3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first anode portion is separated from the second anode portion by a characteristic gradient between the first anode portion and the second anode portion.
4. The electrochemical cell of claim 3 , wherein the characteristic gradient comprises the first anode formulation and the second anode formulation, and wherein the proportion of the first anode formulation to the second anode formulation is at least substantially proportional to a radial location within the anode.
5. The electrochemical cell of claim 4 , wherein the characteristic gradient is continuous between the central portion of the anode and the anode outer surface.
6. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein a quantity of the first anode composition exceeds a quantity of the second anode composition within the anode.
7. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first anode formulation comprises an amount of the first surfactant configured to cause the first anode portion to have the first charge transfer resistance and the second anode formulation comprises an amount of the second surfactant that is different from the amount of the first surfactant and configured to cause the second anode portion to have the second charge transfer resistance.
8. A method of forming an electrochemical cell, the method comprising:
forming a cathode within a container, wherein the cathode is generally cylindrical and defines a cathode outer surface positioned adjacent an interior surface of the container and a cathode interior surface defining an inner portion of the cathode;
positioning a separator within the inner portion of the cathode;
forming a first cylindrical anode portion adjacent the separator, wherein the first cylindrical anode portion defines an open interior and the first cylindrical anode portion consists of a first anode formulation having a first charge transfer resistance; and
forming a second cylindrical anode portion within the open interior of the first cylindrical anode portion and wherein the second cylindrical anode portion consists of a second anode formulation having a second charge transfer resistance that is lower than the first charge transfer resistance; and
wherein (i) the first anode formulation comprises a higher concentration of a first surfactant compared to the second anode formulation, (ii) the second anode formulation comprises a higher concentration of a second surfactant compared to the first anode formulation, (iii) the first surfactant is a nonionic surfactant and the second surfactant is an anionic surfactant, and (iv) a total charge transfer resistance within the anode is at least proportional to a radial location within the anode and increases continuously for at least a portion of the anode.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein forming the first anode portion comprises extruding the first anode formulation having the first surfactant into the inner portion of the cathode; and
forming the second anode portion comprises extruding the second anode formulation having the second surfactant into the open interior of the first cylindrical anode portion.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first surfactant comprises a phosphate ester surfactant and the second surfactant comprises a sulfonate surfactant.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
forming the first anode portion comprises:
extending a plunger into the inner portion of the cathode such that an exterior surface of the plunger is spaced apart from the separator;
extruding the first anode formulation between the exterior surface of the plunger and the separator to form the first anode portion;
removing the plunger to form the open interior of the first anode portion; and
forming the second anode portion comprises extruding the second anode formulation into the open interior of the first anode portion.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein forming the second cylindrical anode portion comprises forming a mixing region between the second cylindrical anode portion and the first cylindrical anode portion.