Electrochromic lithium nickel group 4 mixed metal oxides
Multi-layer devices comprising a layer of an electrochromic lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the lithium nickel oxide composition comprising lithium, nickel and a Group 4 metal selected from titanium, zirconium, hafnium and a combination thereof.
1. A multi-layer electrochromic device comprising:
a layer of a lithium nickel oxide composition on a first substrate, the lithium nickel oxide composition comprising lithium, nickel, and at least one Group 4 metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium, the lithium nickel oxide composition being characterized by a largest d-spacing of at least 2.5 Å;
a cathode layer on a second substrate, and
an ion conductor layer between the lithium nickel oxide anode layer and the cathode layer;
wherein the dark state transmission of the multi-layer electrochromic device at 550 nm is from about 5% to about 22%.
2. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 wherein (i) the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel, titanium, zirconium and hafnium in the lithium nickel oxide composition is at least 0.4:1, respectively, and (ii) the atomic ratio of the combined amount of titanium, zirconium and hafnium to the combined amount of nickel, titanium, zirconium and hafnium in the lithium nickel oxide composition is about 0.025:1 to about 0.8:1, respectively.
3. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 wherein (i) the lithium nickel oxide composition comprises at least one bleached state stabilizing element selected from the group consisting of Y, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, and Sb, (ii) the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel, titanium, zirconium, hafnium and the bleached state stabilizing element(s) in the lithium nickel oxide composition is at least 0.4:1, respectively, and (iii) the atomic ratio of the combined amount of titanium, zirconium, hafnium and the bleached state stabilizing element(s) to the combined amount of nickel, titanium, zirconium, hafnium and the bleached state stabilizing elements in the lithium nickel oxide composition is about 0.025.1 to about 0.8:1, respectively.
4. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the bleached state transmission of the multi-layer electrochromic device at 550 nm is from 42% to 88%.
5. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the bleached state transmission of the multi-layer electrochromic device at 550 nm is about 70%.
6. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein:
the lithium nickel oxide composition comprises titanium;
the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and titanium in the lithium nickel oxide composition is at least 0.4:1; and
the atomic ratio of the amount of titanium to the combined amount of nickel and titanium in the lithium nickel oxide composition is from about 0.025:1 to about 0.8:1.
7. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein:
the lithium nickel oxide composition comprises zirconium;
the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and zirconium in the lithium nickel oxide composition is at least 0.4:1; and
the atomic ratio of the amount of zirconium to the combined amount of nickel and zirconium in the lithium nickel oxide composition is from about 0.025:1 to about 0.8:1.
8. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein:
the lithium nickel oxide composition comprises hafnium;
the atomic ratio of lithium to the combined amount of nickel and hafnium in the lithium nickel oxide composition is at least 0.4:1; and
the atomic ratio of the amount of hafnium to the combined amount of nickel and hafnium in the lithium nickel oxide composition is from about 0.025:1 to about 0.8:1.
9. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium nickel oxide composition comprises at least 0.05 wt. % carbon.
10. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium nickel oxide composition layer has an average thickness between 25 nm and 2,000 nm.
11. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the lithium nickel oxide composition has a bleached state voltage of at least 2V.
12. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the first and second substrates comprise glass, plastic, metal, or metal-coated glass or plastic.
13. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , further comprising a first transparent conductive oxide layer between the lithium nickel oxide composition layer and the first substrate, and a second transparent conductive oxide layer between the cathode layer and the second substrate.
14. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , further comprising a first current modulating structure between the lithium nickel oxide composition layer and the first transparent conductive oxide layer, and a second current modulating structure between the cathode layer and the second transparent conductive oxide layer.
15. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the first and second transparent conductive oxide layers has a sheet resistance to the flow of electrons through the layer that is non-uniform.
16. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the cathode layer comprises a tungsten oxide based material.
17. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 16 , wherein at least one of the first and second current modulating structures has a non-uniform cross-layer resistance to the flow of electrons through the structure.
18. The multi-layer electrochromic device of claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor comprises a material selected from the group consisting of solid polymer electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes, and composite gel polymer electrolytes.