Etching of solar cell materials
A solar cell is fabricated by etching one or more of its layers without substantially etching another layer of the solar cell. In one embodiment, a copper layer in the solar cell is etched without substantially etching a topmost metallic layer comprising tin. For example, an etchant comprising sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide may be employed to etch the copper layer selective to the tin layer. A particular example of the aforementioned etchant is a Co-Bra Etch® etchant modified to comprise about 1% by volume of sulfuric acid, about 4% by volume of phosphoric acid, and about 2% by volume of stabilized hydrogen peroxide. In one embodiment, an aluminum layer in the solar cell is etched without substantially etching the tin layer. For example, an etchant comprising potassium hydroxide may be employed to etch the aluminum layer without substantially etching the tin layer.
1. A backside-contact solar cell comprising:
a substrate;
a dielectric layer over the substrate, the dielectric layer being on a backside of the backside-contact solar cell, the backside of the backside-contact solar cell being opposite a front side of the backside-contact solar cell, the front side of the backside-contact solar cell being configured to face towards the sun;
a first copper layer over the dielectric layer on the backside of the backside-contact solar cell, the first copper layer being electrically coupled to a first doped region of the back-side contact solar cell;
a first tin layer on the first copper layer;
a second copper layer over the dielectric layer on the backside of the backside-contact solar cell, the second copper layer being electrically coupled to a second doped region of the back-side contact solar cell; and
a second tin layer on the second copper layer.
2. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layer comprises an oxide.
3. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 1 , further comprising:
a barrier layer between the first copper layer and the substrate.
4. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 3 , wherein the barrier layer comprises titanium-tungsten.
5. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 3 , further comprising:
an aluminum layer between the barrier layer and the dielectric layer.
6. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 5 , further comprising:
a third copper layer between the first copper layer and the aluminum layer.
7. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises silicon.
8. A backside-contact solar cell comprising:
a dielectric layer on a backside of the backside-contact solar cell, the backside of the backside-contact solar cell being opposite a front side of the backside-contact solar cell, the front side of the backside-contact solar cell being configured to face towards the sun;
a first copper layer over the dielectric layer, the first copper layer being electrically coupled to a p-doped region on the backside of the backside-contact solar cell by way of a first via through the dielectric layer;
a first tin layer on the first copper layer;
a second copper layer over the dielectric layer, the second copper layer being electrically coupled to an n-doped region on the backside of the backside-contact solar cell by way of a second via through the dielectric layer; and
a second tin layer on the second copper layer.
9. The backside-contact solar cell of claim 8 , wherein the dielectric layer comprises an oxide.
10. The backside-contact solar cell of claim 8 , further comprising:
a substrate, wherein the dielectric layer is over the substrate on the backside of the backside-contact solar cell.
11. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 10 , wherein the p-doped and n-doped regions are in the substrate.
12. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 11 , wherein the substrate comprises silicon.
13. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 10 , further comprising:
a barrier layer between the first copper layer and the substrate.
14. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 13 , wherein the barrier layer comprises titanium-tungsten.
15. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 13 , further comprising:
an aluminum layer between the barrier layer and the dielectric layer.
16. The back-side contact solar cell of claim 15 , further comprising:
a third copper layer between the first copper layer and the aluminum layer.