Materials with extremely durable intercalation of lithium and manufacturing methods thereof
Composites of silicon and various porous scaffold materials, such as carbon material comprising micro-, meso- and/or macropores, and methods for manufacturing the same are provided. The compositions find utility in various applications, including electrical energy storage electrodes and devices comprising the same.
1. A composite comprising a porous carbon scaffold and silicon, wherein the composite comprises from 15 to 85% silicon by weight and a nitrogen-inaccessible volume ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 cm 3 /g, and wherein the composite comprises a plurality of particles having a particle skeletal density ranging from 1.5 to 2.2 g/cm 3 , as measured by helium pycnometry, and wherein the plurality of particles have:
i) a Dv50 from 5 nm to 20 μm;
ii) a span (Dv50)/(Dv90−Dv10) from 100 to less than 1;
iii) a Dv10 of no less than 5 nm, a Dv50 between 500 nm and 5 μm, and a Dv90 no greater than 50 μm; or
iv) a Dv10 of no less than 100 nm, a Dv50 between 2 μm and 8 μm, and a Dv90 no greater than 20 μm.
2. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a Dv50 from 5 nm to 20 μm.
3. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a span (Dv50)/(Dv90−Dv10) from 100 to less than 1.
4. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a span (Dv50)/(Dv90−Dv10) from 100 to 10.
5. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a span (Dv50)/(Dv90−Dv10) from 10 to 5.
6. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a span (Dv50)/(Dv90−Dv10) from 5 to 2.
7. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a span (Dv50)/(Dv90−Dv10) from 2 to 1.
8. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a span (Dv50)/(Dv90−Dv10) less than 1.
9. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a Dv10 of no less than 5 nm, a Dv50 between 500 nm and 5 μm, and a Dv90 no greater than 50 μm.
10. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of particles have a Dv10 of no less than 100 nm, a Dv50 between 2 μm and 8 μm, and a Dv90 no greater than 20 μm.
11. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the silicon is amorphous and does not form Li 15 Si 4 when the composite is cycled in a lithium ion half cell between 0.005 and 0.8 V.
12. An electrode comprising a composite according to claim 1 .
13. An energy storage device comprising a composite according to claim 1 .
14. A composite comprising a porous carbon scaffold and silicon, wherein the composite comprises from 15 to 85% silicon by weight and a nitrogen-inaccessible volume ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 cm 3 /g, and wherein the composite comprises a plurality of particles having a particle skeletal density ranging from 1.5 to 2.2 g/cm 3 , as measured by helium pycnometry, wherein the silicon has an oxygen content between 1 and 20%.
15. The composite of claim 14 , wherein the silicon has an oxygen content between 1 and 10%.
16. The composite of claim 14 , wherein the silicon is amorphous and does not form Li 15 Si 4 when the composite cycled in a lithium ion half cell between 0.005 and 0.8 V.
17. An electrode comprising a composite according to claim 14 .
18. An energy storage device comprising a composite according to claim 14 .
19. A composite comprising a porous carbon scaffold and silicon, wherein the composite comprises from 15 to 85% silicon by weight and a nitrogen-inaccessible volume ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 cm 3 /g, and wherein the composite comprises a plurality of particles having a particle skeletal density ranging from 1.5 to 2.2 g/cm 3 , as measured by helium pycnometry, and wherein the composite has a surface area below 200 m 2 /g.
20. The composite of claim 19 , wherein the surface area is below 100 m 2 /g.
21. The composite of claim 19 , wherein the surface area is below 50 m 2 /g.
22. The composite of claim 19 , wherein the surface area is below 30 m 2 /g.
23. The composite of claim 19 , wherein the surface area is below 20 m 2 /g.
24. The composite of claim 19 , wherein the surface area is below 10 m 2 /g.
25. The composite of claim 19 , wherein the surface area is below 5 m 2 /g.
26. The composite of claim 19 , wherein the surface area is below 2 m 2 /g.
27. The composite of claim 19 , wherein the surface area is below 1 m 2 /g.
28. The composite of claim 19 , wherein the silicon is amorphous and does not form Li 15 Si 4 when the composite is cycled in a lithium ion half cell between 0.005 and 0.8 V.
29. An electrode comprising a composite according to claim 19 .
30. An energy storage device comprising a composite according to claim 19 .