Internal convection cell

1. A method for flowing a liquid ionically conductive medium in an electrochemical cell, the electrochemical cell comprising a housing comprising: permeable fuel electrode configured to support a metal fuel thereon, an oxidant reduction electrode spaced from the fuel electrode, and a charging electrode selected from the group consisting of: (a) the oxidant reduction electrode, (b) a separate charging electrode spaced from the fuel and oxidant reduction electrodes, and (c) a portion of the permeable fuel electrode, the fuel electrode, oxidant reduction electrode, and charging electrode each contacting the ionically conductive medium such that the ionically conductive medium may conduct ions therebetween, the method comprising:

emitting gaseous bubbles in the ionically conductive medium that drag the ionically conductive medium upwards due to their buoyancy to generate a flow by charging the electrochemical cell such that the charging electrode evolves gaseous oxygen bubbles, wherein the fuel electrode and the charging electrode are configured to reduce a reducible species of the metal fuel to electrodeposit the metal fuel on the fuel electrode and oxidize an oxidizable species of the oxidant by application of a re-charge potential difference therebetween from a power source; and

oxidizing the metal fuel at the fuel electrode and reducing an oxidant at the oxidant reduction electrode by discharging the electrochemical cell to generate a discharge potential difference therebetween for application to a load and to generate a by-product of oxidized metal precipitated or solvated in the ionically conductive medium,

wherein when the electrochemical cell is positioned such that the oxidant reduction electrode is in a vertical orientation, one or more flow diverting surfaces in the electrochemical cell establishes a closed circuit circulation path within the housing that directs the flow of the ionically conductive medium at least partially through the permeable fuel electrode.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said emitting gaseous bubbles further comprises utilizing a sparger to introduce bubbles of gas into the electrochemical cell.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell further comprises a second oxidant reduction electrode spaced from and opposing the oxidant reduction electrode, with permeable fuel electrodes being positioned between the oxidant reduction electrode and the second oxidant reduction electrode,

wherein the one or more flow diverting surfaces establish a pair of circulation paths to direct the flow around each of the oxidant reduction electrode and the second oxidant reduction electrode, before flowing at least partially through the permeable fuel electrode.

4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the one or more flow diverting surfaces establish the pair of circulation paths as closed circuits within the cell.

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the closed circuit circulation path is established by the one or more flow diverting surfaces to divert the flow of the ionically conductive medium upwardly from the permeable fuel electrode and laterally over a top of the oxidant reduction electrode to a side thereof opposite the fuel electrode.

6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the oxidant reduction electrode is immersed in the ionically conductive medium with an air space associated therewith to provide a gaseous oxidant thereto, and wherein the one or more flow diverting surfaces are configured to divert the flow of the ionically conductive medium upwardly from the permeable fuel electrode and laterally over the top of the oxidant reduction electrode and the air space, to a side thereof opposite the fuel electrode.

7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more flow diverting surfaces comprises a flow diverting surface configured to prevent the flow from rising above a top of the fuel electrode on a side of the fuel electrode distal from the charging electrode.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the reducible species of the metal fuel that is reduced is the oxidized metal in the ionically conductive medium.

9. The method according to claim 5 , further comprising an off-gassing area configured to permit the gaseous bubbles to separate from the ionically conductive medium in the flow of ionically conductive medium.

10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the one or more flow diverting surfaces comprises a flow diverting surface, and wherein the method further comprises directing, using the flow diverting surface, the flow of ionically conductive medium from the off-gassing area to a region of the fuel electrode distal from the oxidant reduction electrode and the charging electrode.

11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the one or more flow diverting surfaces comprises a diffuser for directing the flow of ionically conductive medium generally perpendicularly into a face of the fuel electrode.

12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the fuel electrode comprises a series of permeable electrode bodies arranged in spaced apart relation.

13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the one or more flow diverting surfaces comprises a flow diverting surface, and wherein the method further comprises preventing, using the flow diverting surface, at least a portion of the flow from passing through less than all of the series of permeable electrode bodies of the fuel electrode.

14. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the one or more flow diverting surfaces comprises a flow diverting surface, and wherein the method further comprises directing, using the flow diverting surface, the flow of the ionically conductive medium at least partially through the permeable fuel electrode and generally parallel and between the series of permeable electrode bodies.

15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive medium comprises an aqueous electrolyte solution.

16. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising a bubble size limiter in the ionically conductive medium, and wherein the method further comprises minimizing a size of the bubbles generated by the bubble generator using the bubble size limiter.

17. An electrochemical cell comprising:

a housing comprising:

a permeable fuel electrode configured to support a metal fuel thereon;

an oxidant reduction electrode spaced from the fuel electrode;

a liquid ionically conductive medium for conducting ions between the fuel and oxidant reduction electrodes to support electrochemical reactions at the fuel and oxidant reduction electrodes;

a charging electrode selected from the group consisting of (a) the oxidant reduction electrode, (b) a separate charging electrode spaced from the permeable fuel electrode and the oxidant reduction electrode, and (c) a portion of the permeable fuel electrode;

a gas bubble flow generator selected from the group consisting of (a) the charging electrode, and (b) a sparger spaced from the charging electrode, the gas bubble flow generator being configured to evolve gaseous oxygen bubbles that generate a flow of the ionically conductive medium during a charging operation; and

one or more flow diverting surfaces,

wherein when the electrochemical cell is positioned such that the oxidant reduction electrode is in a vertical orientation, the one or more flow diverting surfaces establishes a closed circuit circulation path within the housing that directs the flow of the ionically conductive medium at least partially through the permeable fuel electrode and is configured to prevent the flow from rising above a top of the fuel electrode on a side of the fuel electrode distal from the charging electrode,

wherein the fuel electrode and the oxidant reduction electrode are configured to, during discharge, oxidize the metal fuel at the fuel electrode and reduce an oxidant at the oxidant reduction electrode to generate a discharge potential difference therebetween for application to a load and generate a by-product of oxidized metal precipitated or solvated in the ionically conductive medium, and

wherein the fuel electrode and the charging electrode are configured to, during re-charge, reduce a reducible species of the metal fuel to electrodeposit the metal fuel on the fuel electrode and oxidize an oxidizable species of the oxidant by application of a re-charge potential difference therebetween from a power source.

18. An electrochemical cell comprising:

a housing comprising:

a permeable fuel electrode configured to support a metal fuel thereon;

an oxidant reduction electrode spaced from the fuel electrode;

a liquid ionically conductive medium for conducting ions between the fuel and oxidant reduction electrodes to support electrochemical reactions at the fuel and oxidant reduction electrodes;

a charging electrode selected from the group consisting of (a) the oxidant reduction electrode, (b) a separate charging electrode spaced from the permeable fuel electrode and the oxidant reduction electrode, and (c) a portion of the permeable fuel electrode;

a gas bubble flow generator comprising the charging electrode and a sparger spaced from the charging electrode, the gas bubble flow generator being configured to evolve gaseous oxygen bubbles that generate a flow of the ionically conductive medium during a charging operation; and

one or more flow diverting surfaces,

wherein when the electrochemical cell is positioned such that the oxidant reduction electrode is in a vertical orientation, the one or more flow diverting surfaces establishes a closed circuit circulation path within the housing that directs the flow of the ionically conductive medium at least partially through the permeable fuel electrode,

wherein the fuel electrode and the oxidant reduction electrode are configured to, during discharge, oxidize the metal fuel at the fuel electrode and reduce an oxidant at the oxidant reduction electrode to generate a discharge potential difference therebetween for application to a load and generate a by-product of oxidized metal precipitated or solvated in the ionically conductive medium, and

wherein the fuel electrode and the charging electrode are configured to, during re-charge, reduce a reducible species of the metal fuel to electrodeposit the metal fuel on the fuel electrode and oxidize an oxidizable species of the oxidant by application of a re-charge potential difference therebetween from a power source.