Detection of trace chemicals in oil and gas applications
A method of analyzing a well sample for a well treatment additive includes contacting the sample with functionalized metallic nanoparticles that contain metallic nanoparticles functionalized with a functional group including a cyano group, a thiol group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, a boronic acid group, an aza group, an ether group, a hydroxyl group, or a combination including at least one of the foregoing; irradiating the sample contacted with the functionalized metallic nanoparticles with electromagnetic radiation at a selected energy level; measuring a Raman spectrum emitted from the sample; and determining presence, type or concentration of the well treatment additive in the sample from the Raman spectrum.
1. A method of analyzing a well sample for a well treatment additive, the method comprising:
contacting the sample with functionalized metallic nanoparticles that contain metallic nanoparticles functionalized with a cyano functional group;
irradiating the sample contacted with the functionalized metallic nanoparticles with electromagnetic radiation at a selected energy level;
measuring a Raman spectrum emitted from the sample; and
determining presence, type or concentration of the well treatment additive in the sample from the Raman spectrum.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the well sample comprises a refinery fluid, a production fluid, cooling water, process water, a drilling fluid, a completion fluid, a production fluid, crude oil, a feed stream to a desalting unit, outflow from a desalting unit, a refinery heat transfer fluid, a gas scrubber fluid, a refinery unit feed stream, a refinery intermediate streams, a finished product streams, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the well treatment additive is a scale inhibitor, a corrosion inhibitor, a paraffin inhibitor, a salt formation inhibitor, an asphaltene dispersant, a foaming agent, an oxygen scavenger, a demulsifying agent, a hydrogen sulfide scavenger, a biocide, a surfactants, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the well treatment additive is a scale inhibitor or a corrosion inhibitor.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the scale inhibitor comprises a phosphonate compound or a polymeric scale inhibitor.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining presence, type or concentration of the well treatment additive in the sample from the Raman spectrum comprises identifying two or more species of well treatment additive in the sample.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising calibrating the measured concentration of the well treatment additive in the sample with a Raman peak of the functionalized metallic nanoparticles used as an internal standard.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein no internal standards are used together with functionalized metallic nanoparticles.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functional group is covalently bonded to the metallic nanoparticles.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles comprise gold nanoparticles functionalized with a cyano group, and the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are free of sulfur or any sulfur-containing moieties.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are present in a sol or colloidal suspension.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are disposed on a support layer.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the support layer comprises glass, silica, graphene, carbon nanotubes, ceramics, a polymer, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are disposed in a matrix comprising glass, silica, ceramics, or a polymer.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is effective to determine the well treatment additive at a concentration of equal to or greater than about 1 parts per billion to about 1,000 parts per million with a standard deviation of about 0.1% to about 5%.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized metallic particles have an average particle size of about 5 nanometers to about 350 micrometers.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the well sample is an aqueous or hydrocarbon liquid well sample.
18. A method of analyzing a well sample for a well treatment additive, the method comprising:
contacting the sample with functionalized metallic nanoparticles comprising gold nanoparticles functionalized with a cyano group, and the functionalized metallic nanoparticles are free of sulfur or any sulfur-containing moieties;
irradiating the sample contacted with the functionalized metallic nanoparticles with electromagnetic radiation at a selected energy level;
measuring a Raman spectrum emitted from the sample; and
determining presence, type or concentration of the well treatment additive in the sample from the Raman spectrum.