Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in sensor systems, devices, and related methods
A diagnostic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is applied to measure values of impedance-related parameters for one or more sensing electrodes. The parameters may include real impedance, imaginary impedance, impedance magnitude, and/or phase angle. The measured values of the impedance-related parameters are then used in performing sensor diagnostics, calculating a highly-reliable fused sensor glucose value based on signals from a plurality of redundant sensing electrodes, calibrating sensors, detecting interferents within close proximity of one or more sensing electrodes, and testing surface area characteristics of electroplated electrodes. Advantageously, impedance-related parameters can be defined that are substantially glucose-independent over specific ranges of frequencies. An Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) enables implementation of the EIS-based diagnostics, fusion algorithms, and other processes based on measurement of EIS-based parameters.
1. A method for real-time detection of sensitivity loss for a working electrode of a sensor, the method comprising:
receiving, at a microprocessor from the working electrode, multiple sets of impedance-related data for said working electrode, wherein an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is performed to generate the multiple sets of impedance-related data for said working electrode, and wherein each of the multiple sets of impedance-related data includes data for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent;
for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data, calculating, by a microprocessor, respective values of 1 kHz imaginary impedance and relatively-higher frequency phase angle;
monitoring, by said microprocessor, said respective values of the 1 kHz imaginary impedance and the relatively-higher frequency phase angle over time;
determining, by said microprocessor, based on said monitoring of the respective values, that said working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity when said respective values of relatively-higher frequency phase angle become more negative over time;
based on the determination that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity, determining, by the microprocessor, that said working electrode is not behaving normally; and
based on said determination that the working electrode is not behaving normally, generating for presentation, by the sensor, an alert for a user of the sensor, the alert indicating that the sensor should be replaced.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each EIS procedure is performed for a predetermined range of frequencies.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a counter electrode, the method further comprising verifying said loss of sensitivity based on whether a voltage of the counter electrode rails.
4. The method of claim 1 , further including calculating, by said microprocessor, respective values of real impedance for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein values are calculated for 0.1 kHz real impedance.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a plurality of redundant working electrodes, wherein EIS procedure is performed for each of the plurality of working electrodes to generate multiple sets of impedance-related data for each said working electrode, wherein said respective values of one or more impedance-related parameters are calculated for each said working electrode, and wherein said sensitivity-loss determination is made for each working electrode by comparing said respective values for at least one working electrode to said respective values for at least a second working electrode of the plurality of electrodes over time.
7. A sensor for real-time detection of sensitivity loss for a working electrode, the sensor comprising:
storage circuitry to store an alert indicating that the sensor should be replaced; and
a microprocessor that performs steps of:
receiving, from the working electrode, multiple sets of impedance-related data for said working electrode, wherein an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is performed to generate the multiple sets of impedance-related data for said working electrode, and wherein each of the multiple sets of impedance-related data includes data for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent;
for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data, calculating respective values of 1kHz imaginary impedance and relatively-higher frequency phase angle;
monitoring said respective values of the 1 kHz imaginary impedance and the relatively-higher frequency phase angle over time;
determining, based on said monitoring of the respective values, that said working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity when said respective values of relatively-higher frequency phase angle become more negative over time;
based on the determination that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity, determining that said working electrode is not behaving normally; and
based on said determination that the working electrode is not behaving normally, generating for presentation the alert for a user of the sensor.
8. The sensor of claim 7 , wherein each EIS procedure is performed for a predetermined range of frequencies.
9. The sensor of claim 7 , wherein the sensor further includes a counter electrode, the steps further comprising verifying said loss of sensitivity based on whether a voltage of the counter electrode rails.
10. The sensor of claim 7 , wherein the microprocessor further performs the steps of calculating respective values of real impedance for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data.
11. The sensor of claim 10 , wherein values are calculated for 0.1 kHz real impedance.
12. The sensor of claim 7 , wherein the sensor further includes a plurality of redundant working electrodes, wherein said EIS procedure is performed for each of the plurality of working electrodes to generate multiple sets of impedance-related data for each said working electrode, wherein said respective values of one or more impedance-related parameters are calculated for each said working electrode, and wherein said sensitivity-loss determination is made for each working electrode by comparing said respective values for at least one working electrode to said respective values for at least a second working electrode of the plurality of electrodes over time.
13. A non-transitory, computer-readable medium having instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause operations comprising:
receiving, at a microprocessor from a working electrode of a sensor, multiple sets of impedance-related data for said working electrode, wherein an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is performed to generate the multiple sets of impedance-related data for said working electrode, and wherein each of the multiple sets of impedance-related data includes data for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent;
for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data, calculating, by a microprocessor, respective values of 1 kHz imaginary impedance and relatively-higher frequency phase angle;
monitoring, by said microprocessor, said respective values of the 1 kHz imaginary impedance and the relatively-higher frequency phase angle over time;
determining, by said microprocessor, based on said monitoring of the respective values, that said working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity when said respective values of relatively-higher frequency phase angle become more negative over time;
based on the determination that the working electrode is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity, determining, by the microprocessor, that said working electrode is not behaving normally; and
based on said determination that the working electrode is not behaving normally, generating an alert for presentation to a user of the sensor, the alert indicating that the sensor should be replaced.
14. The medium of claim 13 , wherein each EIS procedure is performed for a predetermined range of frequencies.
15. The medium of claim 13 , wherein the sensor further includes a counter electrode, the operations further comprising verifying said loss of sensitivity based on whether a voltage of the counter electrode rails.
16. The medium of claim 13 , wherein the instructions further cause operations comprising: calculating respective values of real impedance for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data.
17. The medium of claim 16 , wherein values are calculated for 0.1 kHz real impedance.
18. The medium of claim 13 , wherein the sensor further includes a plurality of redundant working electrodes, wherein said EIS procedure is performed for each of the plurality of working electrodes to generate multiple sets of impedance-related data for each said working electrode, wherein said respective values of one or more impedance-related parameters are calculated for each said working electrode, and wherein said sensitivity-loss determination is made for each working electrode by comparing said respective values for at least one working electrode to said respective values for at least a second working electrode of the plurality of electrodes over time.