Bi-directional isolated DC-DC converter for the electrification of transportation
A topology for an isolated, bi-directional, DC-DC converter, that provides step-up and step-down functionality, with a reduced transformer turns ratio, allows a simplified transformer design with reduced cost and increased efficiency. This topology also has a very small level of re-circulating current, relative to other topologies regarding cost and performance.
1. A bi-directional DC-DC converter ( 20 ) comprising:
a first stage ( 30 ) comprising:
a first port ( 22 ) connected between a first node (N 1 ) and ground;
the first port ( 22 ) being bi-directionally operable as an output or an input;
the first port ( 22 ) being operatively connected to a primary winding ( 80 ) of a first transformer (Tr 1 );
a second stage ( 40 ) comprising:
a second port ( 24 ) connected between seventh and eighth nodes (N 7 ), (N 8 );
the second port ( 24 ) being bi-directionally operable as an output or an input;
the second port ( 24 ) being operatively connected to a secondary winding ( 82 ) of the first transformer (Tr 1 );
the secondary winding of the first transformer having first and second terminals;
a fifth switch (S 5 ) having first and second terminals
the fifth switch having a body diode,
an anode of the body diode of the fifth switch being connected to the second terminal of the fifth switch,
a cathode of the body diode of the fifth switch being connected to the first terminal of the fifth switch;
a sixth switch (S 6 ) having first and second terminals
the sixth switch having a body diode,
an anode of the body diode of the sixth switch being connected to the second terminal of the sixth switch,
a cathode of the body diode of the sixth switch being connected to the first terminal of the sixth switch;
a seventh switch (S 7 ) having first and second terminals
the seventh switch having a body diode,
an anode of the body diode of the seventh switch being connected to the second terminal of the seventh switch,
a cathode of the body diode of the seventh switch being connected to the first terminal of the seventh switch;
an eighth switch (S 8 ) having first and second terminals
the eighth switch having a body diode,
an anode of the body diode of the eighth switch being connected to the first terminal of the eighth switch,
a cathode of the body diode of the eighth switch being connected to the second terminal of the eighth switch;
a first resonant inductor (Lr 1 ) having first and second terminals;
a first resonant capacitor (Cr 1 ) having first and second terminals;
a second resonant capacitor (Cr 2 ) having first and second terminals;
a third resonant capacitor (Cr 3 ) having first and second terminals;
a fourth resonant capacitor (Cr 4 ) having first and second terminals;
the first terminal of the fifth switch (S 5 ) being connected to the seventh node (N 7 ), the second terminal of the fifth switch (S 5 ) being connected to a sixth node (N 6 );
the first terminal of the sixth switch (S 6 ) being connected to the sixth node (N 6 );
the second terminal of the sixth switch (S 6 ) being connected to the eighth node;
the first terminal of the seventh switch (S 7 ) being connected to a tenth node (N 10 );
the second terminal of the seventh switch (S 7 ) being connected to an eleventh node (N 11 );
the first terminal of the eighth switch (S 8 ) being connected to the eleventh node (N 11 );
the second terminal of the eighth switch (S 8 ) being connected to a twelfth node (N 12 );
the first terminal of the secondary winding ( 82 ) of the first transformer (Tr 1 ) being connected to the sixth node (N 6 );
the second terminal of the secondary winding ( 82 ) of the first transformer (Tr 1 ) being connected to a ninth node (N 9 );
the first terminal of the first resonant inductor (Lr 1 ) being connected to the ninth node (N 9 );
the second terminal of the first resonant inductor (Lr 1 ) being connected to the tenth node (N 10 );
the first terminal of the first resonant capacitor (Cr 1 ) being connected to the seventh node (N 7 );
the second terminal of the first resonant capacitor (Cr 1 ) being connected to the twelfth node (N 12 );
the first terminal of the second resonant capacitor (Cr 2 ) being connected to the twelfth node (N 12 );
the second terminal of the second resonant capacitor (Cr 2 ) being connected to the eighth node (N 8 );
the first terminal of the third resonant capacitor (Cr 3 ) being connected to the seventh node (N 7 );
the second terminal of the third resonant capacitor (Cr 3 ) being connected to the tenth node (N 10 );
the first terminal of the fourth resonant capacitor (Cr 4 ) being connected to the tenth node (N 10 );
the second terminal of the fourth resonant capacitor (Cr 4 ) being connected to the eighth node (N 8 ).
2. The bi-directional DC-DC converter ( 20 ) of claim 1 further comprising:
the switch (S 2 ) being bi-directional.
3. The bi-directional DC-DC converter ( 20 ) of claim 1 further comprising:
the switch (S 2 ) being bi-directional;
and the switch (S 4 ) being bi-directional.
4. A method for DC-DC voltage conversion comprising the steps of:
obtaining the bi-directional DC-DC converter of claim 3 ,
wherein a first load (RL 1 ) is connected between the seventh and eighth nodes (N 7 ), (N 8 ),
further wherein a first voltage source (V 1 ) is connected between the first node (N 1 ) and ground,
further wherein the capacitances of the third and fourth resonant capacitors being relatively less than the capacitances of the first and second resonant capacitors;
switching switches (S 1 ) and (S 3 ) in an alternating manner according to a pre-determined duty cycle and frequency, wherein switch (S 2 ) is switched complementary to switch (S 1 ), and switch (S 4 ) is switched complementary to switch (S 3 );
maintaining switches (S 5 ) and (S 6 ) in a non-conducting state;
at a time (t 0 ),
switches (S 2 ) and (S 3 ) are turned on,
switches (S 1 ) and (S 4 ) are turned off,
switch (S 7 ) is on,
and switch (S 8 ) is off;
then at a time (t 1 ),
switch (S 7 ) is turned off,
and switch (S 8 ) is turned on;
then at a time (t 3 ),
switches (S 2 ) and (S 3 ) are turned off,
and switches (S 1 ) and (S 4 ) are turned on;
then at a time (t 4 ),
switch (S 7 ) is turned on,
and switch (S 8 ) is turned off.
5. The method of claim 4 further comprising:
the pre-determined duty cycle is 50%.
6. The method of claim 4 further comprising:
selecting component values, timing, and duty cycle such that:
during first and second half-cycles, the second half cycle being substantially identical to the first half-cycle but 180 degrees out of phase thereto,
during the first half-cycle occurring between the time (t 0 ) and the time (t 3 ), a current flowing through the first resonant inductor (Lr 1 ) from approximately zero, and flowing in an approximately semi-sinusoidal waveform between the time (t 0 ) and a time (t 2 ), and being approximately zero between the time (t 2 ) and the time (t 3 );
during the first half-cycle,
the second capacitor (C 2 ) is charged via the second inductor (L 2 ), and the second switch (S 2 ), and
the first capacitor (C 1 ) is discharged through the third switch (S 3 ), the primary winding of the first transformer (Tr 1 ), and the second switch (S 2 ), such that
when the current in the first capacitor (C 1 ) reaches a maximum, the current via switch (S 2 ) will have reversed direction;
between the time (a) and the time (t 2 ),
the current flowing through the first load (RL 1 ) decays linearly, and reaches zero at the time (t 2 ),
between the time (t 2 ) and the time (t 3 ),
only magnetizing current flows through the first transformer (Tr 1 ).
7. A method for DC-DC voltage conversion comprising the steps of:
obtaining the bi-directional DC-DC converter of claim 3 ,
wherein a second load (RL 2 ) is connected between the first node (N 1 ) and ground,
further wherein a second voltage source (V 2 ) is connected between the seventh and eighth nodes (N 7 ) & (N 8 );
maintaining switches (S 7 ) and (S 8 ) in a conducting state;
switching switches (S 5 ) and (S 6 ) in an alternating manner according to a pre-determined duty cycle and frequency;
at a time (t 0 ),
switch (S 1 ) is off,
switch (S 2 ) is on,
switch (S 5 ) is turned off,
switch (S 6 ) is turned on,
switch (S 3 ) is turned on,
switch (S 4 ) is turned off,
at a time (t 1 ),
switch (S 3 ) is turned off,
and switch (S 4 ) is turned on;
at a time (t 2 ),
switch (S 5 ) is turned on,
switch (S 6 ) is turned off,
switch (S 1 ) is turned on,
and switch (S 2 ) is turned off;
at a time (t 3 ),
switch (S 1 ) is turned off,
switch (S 2 ) is turned on.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
the pre-determined duty cycle is 50%, and the commutation frequency is 20% below the tank resonant frequency.
9. The method of claim 7 further comprising:
selecting component values, timing, and duty cycle such that:
at the time (t 0 ),
a current flowing through the first resonant inductor (Lr 1 ) starts from zero and flows in a positive direction in a semi-sinusoidal waveform and reaches zero at the time (t 1 ),
the first capacitor (C 1 ) charges via switch (S 3 ), the secondary of the first transformer (Tr 1 ), and the switch (S 2 ),
the second capacitor (C 2 ) discharges to the second load (RL 2 ) via the second inductor (L 2 ) and the switch (S 2 );
at the time (t 1 ),
the first capacitor (C 1 ) is substantially charged,
the first and second capacitors (C 1 ) and (C 2 ) discharge to the second load (RL 2 ) during at least a portion of the interval between the times (t 0 ) and (t 1 );
at the time (t 2 ),
a current flowing through the first resonant inductor (Lr 1 ) starts from zero and flows in a negative direction in a semi-sinusoidal waveform and reaches zero at the time (t 3 ),
the second capacitor (C 2 ) begins to charge;
at the time (t 3 ),
the second capacitor (C 2 ) is substantially charged.