Crush resistant buoyant ball sealers
A perforation ball sealer for temporarily plugging a perforation in an oil or gas well comprises a polymer foam core and a shell surrounding the core formed from a solid or essentially solid second polymer. Both the core and the shell are made from slowly water-soluble polymers.
1. A perforation ball sealer for use in temporarily plugging a perforation in an oil or gas well, the perforation ball sealer being made by injection molding a molten mass of a slowly water soluble polymer containing bubbles generated during injection molding by a physical or chemical foaming agent thereby forming a polymer foam core consisting of said slowly water soluble polymer and said bubbles and a solid polymer shell surrounding the core, wherein the slowly water soluble polymer has a dissolution rate such that it takes at least two hours to dissolve 35% of the mass of the ball sealer when exposed to water maintained at a temperature and pH consistent with that in the well, and further wherein the ball sealer exhibits a density of 1.1 g/cc or less and a crush strength of 1,000 psi (˜69 dyne/cm) or more when dry.
2. The ball sealer of claim 1 , wherein the slowly water-soluble polymer is at least one of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polybutylene adipate succinate (PBAS), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyethylene oxides (PEO), ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH), chitosan, and collagen.
3. The ball sealer of claim 2 , wherein the slowly water-soluble polymer is composed of a blend of two or more polymers.
4. The ball sealer of claim 1 , wherein the ball sealer exhibits a density of 1.05 g/cc or less.
5. The ball sealer of claim 4 , wherein the ball sealer exhibits a density of 1.00 g/cc or less.
6. The ball sealer of claim 1 , wherein the ball sealer is formed solely from a single slowly water soluble polymer or blend of slowly water soluble polymers.
7. The perforation ball sealer of claim 1 , wherein the ball sealer is essentially spherical and the thickness of the solid polymer shell is about 26% to about 40% of the radius of the essentially spherical ball sealer.
8. The perforation ball sealer of claim 7 , wherein the thickness of the solid polymer shell is about 28 to 36% of the radius of the essentially spherical ball sealer.
9. The perforation ball sealer of claim 8 , wherein the thickness of the solid polymer shell is about 32% of the radius of the essentially spherical ball sealer.
10. A perforation ball sealer for use in temporarily plugging a perforation in an oil or gas well, the perforation ball sealer being made by injection molding a molten mass of a slowly water soluble polymer containing bubbles generated during injection molding by a physical or chemical foaming agent, the perforation ball sealer further comprising a polymer foam core and a shell surrounding the core, wherein the slowly water soluble polymer has a dissolution rate such that it takes at least two hours to dissolve 35% of the mass of the ball sealer when exposed to water maintained at a temperature and pH consistent with that in the well, wherein the ball sealer exhibits a density of 1.1 g/cc or less and a crush strength of 1,000 psi (˜69 dyne/cm) or more when dry, and further wherein all of the gas bubbles in the polymer foam core are generated by the foaming agent contained in the molten mass of slowly water soluble polymer.
11. A process for temporarily plugging perforations in an oil or gas well comprising introducing into the well an aqueous treatment fluid containing a mass of the ball sealers of claim 1 .
12. A perforation ball sealer which is made by injection molding a slowly water soluble polymer and a foaming agent thereby forming a ball sealer product comprising a polymer foam core in which all of the bubbles of the polymer foam core consist of gas derived from said foaming agent and a polymer shell surrounding the core, wherein the slowly water soluble polymer has a dissolution rate such that the ball sealer effectively loses its ability to seal a perforation in which it is received after two hours or more, the perforation ball sealer exhibiting a density of 1.1 g/cc or less and a crush strength of 1,000 psi (˜69 dyne/cm) or more when dry.
13. The perforation ball sealer of claim 12 , wherein the slowly water soluble polymer is made molten during injection molding and further wherein the gas bubbles are generated by injecting a physical foaming agent into the molten slowly water-soluble polymer or by a chemical foaming agent included in the molten slowly water-soluble polymer.
14. The perforation ball sealer of claim 13 , wherein the gas bubbles are generated by a chemical foaming agent.
15. The perforation ball sealer of claim 14 , wherein the chemical foaming agent is an endothermic chemical foaming agent.
16. The perforation ball sealer of claim 12 , wherein the slowly water-soluble polymer is composed of a blend of two or more polymers.
17. The perforation ball sealer of claim 12 , wherein the ball sealer exhibits a density of 1.05 g/cc or less.
18. A perforation ball sealer for use in temporarily plugging a perforation in an oil or gas well, the perforation ball sealer comprising a polymer foam core and a shell surrounding the core, wherein all of the bubbles in the polymer foam core consist of a gas, wherein the perforation ball sealer is formed solely from gas and at least one slowly water soluble polymer, wherein the slowly water soluble polymer has a dissolution rate such that the ball sealer effectively loses its ability to seal a perforation in which it is received after two hours or more, and wherein the perforation ball sealer exhibits a density of 1.1 g/cc or less and a crush strength of 1,000 psi (˜69 dyne/cm) or more when dry.
19. The perforation ball sealer of claim 18 , wherein the perforation ball sealer is formed solely from gas and a single slowly water soluble polymer or a single blend of slowly water soluble polymers.
20. A perforation ball sealer for use in temporarily plugging a perforation in an oil or gas well, the perforation ball sealer comprising a solid phase consisting of a slowly water soluble polymer and gas bubbles dispersed in the solid phase, wherein all of the gas bubbles dispersed in the solid phase consist of a gas, wherein the slowly water soluble polymer together with the gas bubbles form a polymer foam core, wherein the slowly water soluble polymer further forms a polymer shell surrounding the polymer foam core, wherein the slowly water soluble polymer has a dissolution rate such that it takes at least two hours to dissolve 35% of the mass of the ball sealer when exposed to water maintained at a temperature and pH consistent with that in the well, and wherein the perforation ball sealer exhibits a density of 1.1 g/cc or less and a crush strength of 1,000 psi (˜69 dyne/cm) or more when dry.
21. The perforation ball sealer of claim 20 , wherein the solid phase of the perforation ball sealer consists of a single slowly water soluble polymer or a single blend of slowly water soluble polymers.
22. A perforation ball sealer which is made by injection molding a slowly water soluble polymer and a foaming agent thereby forming a ball sealer product comprising a polymer foam core and a polymer shell surrounding the polymer foam core,
wherein all of the bubbles of the polymer foam core are formed from gas derived from said foaming agent,
wherein the slowly water soluble polymer has a dissolution rate such that the ball sealer effectively loses its ability to seal a perforation in which it is received after two hours or more,
wherein the volume of the foam core is large enough so that the perforation ball sealer exhibits a density of 1.1 g/cc or less, and further
wherein the thickness of the polymer shell is large enough so that the perforation ball sealer exhibits a crush strength of 1,000 psi (˜69 dyne/cm) or more when dry.
23. The perforation ball sealer of claim 22 , wherein the volume of the foam core is large enough so that the perforation ball sealer exhibits a density which is 70 to 90% of the density of an otherwise identical ball sealer made without said foaming agent.
24. The perforation ball sealer of claim 23 , wherein the volume of the foam core is large enough so that the perforation ball sealer exhibits a density which is 75 to 88% of the density of an otherwise identical ball sealer made without said foaming agent.
25. The perforation ball sealer of claim 22 , wherein the thickness of the polymer shell is large enough so that the perforation ball sealer exhibits a crush strength of 1,500 psi (˜103 dyne/cm) or more when dry.
26. The perforation ball sealer of claim 25 , wherein the thickness of the polymer shell is large enough so that the perforation ball sealer exhibits a crush strength of 2,000 psi (˜138 dyne/cm) or more when dry.