Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in sensor systems, devices, and related methods
A diagnostic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) procedure is applied to measure values of impedance-related parameters for one or more sensing electrodes. The parameters may include real impedance, imaginary impedance, impedance magnitude, and/or phase angle. The measured values of the impedance-related parameters are then used in performing sensor diagnostics, calculating a highly-reliable fused sensor glucose value based on signals from a plurality of redundant sensing electrodes, calibrating sensors, detecting interferents within close proximity of one or more sensing electrodes, and testing surface area characteristics of electroplated electrodes. Advantageously, impedance-related parameters can be defined that are substantially glucose-independent over specific ranges of frequencies. An Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) enables implementation of the EIS-based diagnostics, fusion algorithms, and other processes based on measurement of EIS-based parameters.
1. A method for real-time detection of sensitivity loss for a working electrode of a sensor having a plurality of redundant working electrodes, the method comprising:
periodically performing an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure to generate multiple sets of impedance-related data for each of the plurality of redundant working electrodes, wherein each of the multiple sets of impedance-related data includes data for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent;
for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data, calculating, by a microprocessor, respective values of relatively-higher frequency phase angle for each said redundant working electrode;
monitoring, by said microprocessor, said respective values over time;
determining, by said microprocessor, that at least one of said plurality of redundant working electrodes is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity based on the monitoring of the respective values, wherein oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity is indicated by said respective values of relatively-higher frequency phase angle becoming more negative over time for at least one of said plurality of redundant working electrodes;
based on the determination that said at least one of the plurality of redundant working electrodes is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity, identifying, by the microprocessor, said at least one of the plurality of redundant working electrodes as not behaving normally; and
based on said identification of said at least one of the plurality of redundant working electrodes as not behaving normally, turning off said at least one of the plurality of redundant working electrodes.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each said periodic EIS procedure is performed for a predetermined range of frequencies.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a counter electrode, the method further comprising verifying said loss of sensitivity based on whether the voltage of the counter electrode rails.
4. The method of claim 1 , further including calculating, by said microprocessor, respective values of real impedance for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein values are calculated for 0.1 kHz real impedance.
6. The method of claim 1 , further including calculating, by said microprocessor, respective values of imaginary impedance for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein values are calculated for 1 kHz imaginary impedance.
8. A method for real-time detection of sensitivity loss for a working electrode of a sensor having a plurality of redundant working electrodes, the method comprising:
periodically performing an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure to generate multiple sets of impedance-related data for each of the plurality of redundant working electrodes, wherein each of the multiple sets of impedance-related data includes data for at least one impedance-related parameter that is substantially glucose-independent;
for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data, calculating, by a microprocessor, respective values of 1 kHz imaginary impedance for each said redundant working electrode;
monitoring, by said microprocessor, said respective values over time;
determining, by said microprocessor, that at least one of said plurality of redundant working electrodes is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity based on the monitoring of the respective values, wherein oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity is indicated by said respective values of 1 kHz imaginary impedance becoming more negative over time for at least one of said plurality of redundant working electrodes;
based on the determination that said at least one of the plurality of redundant working electrodes is experiencing an oxygen deficiency-led loss of sensitivity, identifying, by the microprocessor, said at least one of the plurality of redundant working electrodes as not behaving normally; and
based on said identification of said at least one of the plurality of redundant working electrodes as not behaving normally, turning off said at least one of the plurality of redundant working electrodes.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein each said periodic EIS procedure is performed for a predetermined range of frequencies.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the sensor includes a counter electrode, the method further comprising verifying said loss of sensitivity based on whether the voltage of the counter electrode rails.
11. The method of claim 8 , further including calculating, by said microprocessor, respective values of real impedance for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein values are calculated for 0.1 kHz real impedance.
13. The method of claim 12 , further including calculating, by said microprocessor, respective values of imaginary impedance for each of said multiple sets of impedance-related data.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein values are calculated for 1 kHz imaginary impedance.