Wireless non-radiative energy transfer
Described herein are embodiments of a source high-Q resonator, optionally coupled to an energy source, a second high-Q resonator, optionally coupled to an energy drain that may be located a distance from the source resonator. A third high-Q resonator, optionally coupled to an energy drain that may be located a distance from the source resonator. The source resonator and at least one of the second resonator and third resonator may be coupled to transfer electromagnetic energy from said source resonator to said at least one of the second resonator and third resonator.
1. A wireless power system for providing power to a vehicle, the system comprising:
a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω 1 , an intrinsic loss rate Γ 1 , and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q 1 =ω 1 /(2Γ 1 ), the source resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance; and
a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and for powering the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω 2 , an intrinsic loss rate Γ 2 , and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q 2 =ω 2 /(2Γ 2 ), the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance,
wherein the source resonator and the device resonator are configured to resonantly and wirelessly couple electromagnetic power from the source resonator to the device resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, and wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ 1 Γ 2 )}>5 over a range of distances D between the source resonator and the device resonator,
wherein Q 1 >100 and Q 2 >100, and
wherein the power supply is configured to dynamically adjust a peak amplitude of the electromagnetic power in the source resonator over the range of distances D.
2. The wireless power system of claim 1 , wherein Q 1 >200 and Q 2 >200.
3. The wireless power system of claim 1 , wherein Q 1 >500 and Q 2 >500.
4. The wireless power system of claim 1 , wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γ w , and wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is configured to be dynamically set as a function of the energy transfer rate κ between the first and second resonators as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
5. The wireless power system of claim 4 , wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is configured to be dynamically set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D.
6. The wireless power system of claim 4 , wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is configured to be dynamically set such that Γ w =Γ 2 √{square root over (1+(κ 2 /Γ 1 ·F 2 ))} as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D.
7. The wireless power system of claim 1 , wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γ w , and wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is configured to be set such that Γ w =Γ 2 √{square root over (1+(κ 2 /Γ 1 ·F 2 ))} for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
8. The wireless power system of claim 1 , wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γ w , and wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is configured to be set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
9. The wireless power system of claim 8 , wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is configured to be set such that Γ w =Γ 2 √{square root over (1+(κ 2 /Γ 1 ·F 2 ))} for said value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
10. The wireless power system of claim 1 , wherein the range of distances D includes D=6 cm.
11. The wireless power system of claim 1 , wherein the range of distances D includes D=8 cm.
12. The wireless power system of claim 1 , wherein the range of distances D includes D=10 cm.
13. A source module for a wireless power system for providing power to a vehicle, the wireless power system including a device module housed in the vehicle and comprising a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and for powering the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω 2 , an intrinsic loss rate Γ 2 , and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q 2 =ω 2 /(2Γ 2 ), the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance,
the source module comprising:
a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω 1 , an intrinsic loss rate Γ 1 , and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q 1 =ω 1 /(2Γ 1 ), the source resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance,
wherein the source resonator and the device resonator are configured to resonantly and wirelessly couple electromagnetic power from the source resonator to the device resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, and wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ 1 Γ 2 )}>5 over a range of distances D between the source resonator and the device resonator, and
wherein Q 1 >100 and Q 2 >100, and
wherein the power supply is configured to dynamically adjust a peak amplitude of the electromagnetic power in the source resonator over the range of distances D.
14. The source module of claim 13 , wherein Q 1 >200 and Q 2 >200.
15. A method for providing power wirelessly to a vehicle portable electronic device, wherein the vehicle is configured for use with a source resonator and a power supply coupled to the source resonator to provide power to the source resonator, the source resonator having a resonant frequency ω 1 , an intrinsic loss rate Γ 1 , and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q 1 =ω 1 /(2Γ 1 ), the method comprising:
providing the vehicle with a device resonator and a load coupled to the device resonator to receive power from the device resonator and provide power to the vehicle, the device resonator having a resonant frequency ω 2 , an intrinsic loss rate Γ 2 , and capable of storing electromagnetic energy with an intrinsic quality factor Q 2 =ω 2 /(2Γ 2 ), the device resonator comprising at least one loop of conductive material and further comprising a capacitance, wherein the device resonator is spaced from the source resonator and configured to move freely relative to the source resonator over a range of distances D between the source resonator and the device resonator; and
resonantly and wirelessly receiving electromagnetic power at the device resonator from the source resonator using non-radiative electromagnetic induction having an energy transfer rate κ, wherein the intrinsic loss rates satisfy κ/√{square root over (Γ 1 Γ 2 )}>5 over the range of distances D, and wherein each intrinsic loss rate comprises a resistive component and a radiative component,
wherein Q 1 >100 and Q 2 >100, and
wherein the method further comprises dynamically adjusting a peak amplitude of the electromagnetic power in the source resonator over the range of distances D.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
providing power to the load in the vehicle from the device resonator, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γ w , and wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is dynamically set as a function of the energy transfer rate κ between the first and second resonators as the device resonator moves relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is dynamically set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is dynamically set such that Γ w =Γ 2 √{square root over (1+(κ 2 /Γ 1 ·F 2 ))} as a function of the energy transfer rate κ over the range of distances D.
19. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
providing power to the load in the vehicle from the device resonator, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γ w , and wherein the work drainage rate Γ w is set such that Γ w =Γ 2 √{square root over (1+(κ 2 /Γ 1 ·F 2 ))} for some value of the energy transfer rate κ in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.
20. The method of claim 15 , further comprising: providing power to the load in the vehicle from the device resonator, wherein the power provided to the load from the device resonator defines a work drainage rate Γ w , and wherein the work drainage rate Γ w , is set such that the ratio of useful-to-lost power is maximized for some value of the energy transfer rate x in the range of distances D as the device resonator is moveable relative to the source resonator over the range of distances D.