Surface-emitting quantum cascade laser

1. A surface-emitting quantum cascade laser comprising:

a semiconductor stacked body including an active layer that includes a quantum well layer causing intersubband transition and that emits infrared laser light, a first semiconductor layer that is provided on the active layer and that includes a photonic crystal layer in which pits constitute a rectangular grating, and a second semiconductor layer provided below the active layer;

an upper electrode provided on an upper surface of the first semiconductor layer; and

a lower electrode provided on a lower surface of a region of the second semiconductor layer overlapping at least the upper electrode,

the photonic crystal layer being provided on the upper surface side of the first semiconductor layer,

a planar shape of an opening end of each of the pits being asymmetric with respect to lines passing through a barycenter of the planar shape and being respectively parallel to two sides of the rectangular grating,

in plan view, the semiconductor stacked body including a surface-emitting region including the photonic crystal layer and a current injection region extending radially outward from an outer edge of the surface-emitting region,

the upper electrode being provided on the current injection region of the upper surface of the first semiconductor layer, and

the active layer generating a gain by the intersubband transition based on a current flowing between the upper electrode and the lower electrode in the current injection region to enable emission of the infrared laser light in a direction generally perpendicular to the surface-emitting region while causing optical resonance based on the rectangular grating in the surface-emitting region.

2. The laser according to claim 1 , wherein the current injection region is provided along two lines orthogonal to each other on the upper surface of the first semiconductor layer.

3. The laser according to claim 2 , wherein the current injection region is orthogonal to at least one of the two sides of the rectangular grating.

4. The laser according to claim 1 , further comprising:

a metal layer covering the surface-emitting region including the pits of the photonic crystal layer,

the lower electrode being provided with an opening enabling the infrared laser light reflected by the metal layer to be emitted outward, and

an upper surface of the metal layer and an upper surface of the upper electrode serve as a heat sink attachment surface.

5. The laser according to claim 1 , wherein part of the quantum well layer of the active layer of the surface-emitting region is disordered.

6. The laser according to claim 1 , wherein part of the quantum well layer of the active layer of the surface-emitting region is oxidized.

7. The laser according to claim 1 , further comprising:

a tapered resonator between the current injection region and the surface-emitting region,

the infrared laser light being single-mode, and

a region of minimum taper width of the tapered resonator being connected to the surface-emitting region.

8. The laser according to claim 7 , wherein the tapered resonators are provided like a parallel array.