Single enantiomer antiparasitic compounds

1. A compound of Formula (I), substantially free of an alternate stereoisomer, or a pesticidal, veterinary, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein:

each R 1A , R 1B , and R 1C individually is hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, or haloalkyl;

R 2 is haloalkyl;

X is bond, C(O), SO 2 , or C(O)NH;

R 3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein:

each R 1A , R 1B , and R 1C individually is halogen, haloalkyl, or alkyl;

R 2 is haloalkyl;

X is a bond, C(O), SO 2 , or C(O)NH; and

R 3 is alkyl, haloalkyl, or aryl.

3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein:

each R 1A , R 1B , and R 1C individually is halogen;

R 2 is perfluoroalkyl;

X is —C(O)—, —SO 2 —, or —C(O)NH—; and

R 3 is haloalkyl.

4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein:

each R 1A and R 1C is a halogen and R 1B is a different halogen;

R 2 is haloalkyl;

X is —C(O)—; and

R 3 is haloalkyl.

5. The compound of claim 1 wherein:

each R 1A and R 1C is —Cl and R 1B is —F;

R 2 is —CF 3 ;

X is —C(O)—; and

R 3 is —CH 2 CF 3 .

6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein:

each R 1A and R 1C is —Cl and R 1B is —F;

R 2 is —CF 3 ;

X is a bond, C(O), SO 2 , or C(O)NH; and

R 3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl.

7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 3 is alkyl; alkyl substituted with one or more alkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, cyano, or aryl; haloalkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkyl substituted with one or more alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl, alkoxy, or carbonyl; heterocyclyl; aryl; aryl substituted with one or more halogen; or heteroaryl.

8. A compound, substantially free of an alternate stereoisomer, wherein the compound is selected from:

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-3,3,3-trifluoro-propan-1-one;

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-carboxamide;

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]-1′-(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl-spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine];

(S)-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-phenyl-methanone;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-2-methyl sulfonyl-ethanone;

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine];

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3 ′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-3,3-dimethyl-butan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]butan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]- 1′-yl]-2-phenyl-ethanone;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-4,4,4-trifluoro-butan-1-one;

(S)-[6- [5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-(1-naphthyl)methanone;

(S)-[(3Z,4Z)-4-allylidene-3-ethylidene-cyclohexa- 1,5-dien-1-yl]-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]methanone;

(S)-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-(4-morpholinophenyl)methanone;

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]-1′-propylsulfonyl-spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine];

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]-1′-(3,3,3-trifluoropropylsulfonyl)spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine];

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]-N-ethyl-spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-carboxamide;

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]-N-phenyl-spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-carboxamide;

(S)-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-[3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropyl]methanone;

(S)-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-tetrahydropyran-4-yl-methanone;

(S)-1′-butyl-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine];

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]-1′-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine];

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-2-methoxy-ethanone;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-2-isopropoxy-ethanone;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-2-ethoxy-ethanone;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-2-methyl-propan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]propan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]ethanone;

(S)-3-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-4-ethoxy-cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione;

(S)-3-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-3-oxo-propanenitrile;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-propan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-2,2-difluoro-propan-1-one;

(S)-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl]methanone;

(S)-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-[1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclobutyl]methanone;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethyl-propan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]pentan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]hexan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]heptan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]octan-1-one;

(S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]nonan-1-one;

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]-1′-pyrimidin-2-yl-spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]; and

(S)-6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]-N-methyl-spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-carboxamide,

or a pesticidal, veterinary, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

9. A compound, substantially free of an alternate stereoisomer, wherein the compound is (S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-3,3,3-trifluoro-propan-1-one according to the structure:

10. A compound according to claim 1 , wherein the compound is designated as the (S) enantiomer and is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100% free of (R) enantiomer.

11. A composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 , and a pesticidally acceptable carrier.

12. A combination comprising a compound according to claim 1 , and one or more other pesticidally active substances.

13. A composition comprising a compound (S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-3,3,3-trifluoro-propan-1-one or a pesticidal, veterinary, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pesticidal, veterinary, or pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, wherein the composition is substantially free of a compound (R)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-3,3,3-trifluoro-propan-1-one or a pesticidal, veterinary, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

14. A method for controlling one or more of fleas, ticks, helminthes and mosquitos at a locus in need thereof comprising: applying to the locus an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 .

15. A method of treating or preventing infection or infestation from one or more of fleas, ticks, helminthes and mosquitos in a subject in need thereof comprising: administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 .

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the method is to control fleas is a flea, tick, or mosquito.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the flea or tick is Ctenocephalides felis, R. sanguineus, D. variablis, A. americanum , or I. scapularis.

18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the method is to control a helminth.

19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the mosquito is Dirofilaria immitis.

20. A method for making the compound of claim 9 , the method comprising

(a) preparing a mixture comprising 1-(5′-acetyl-3′H-spiro[azetidine-3,1′-isobenzofuran]-1-yl)-3,3,3-trifluoropropan-1-one and 1-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethan-1-one and performing a reaction comprising reacting the mixture to obtain a compound (Z)-3-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropanoyl)-3′H-spiro[azetidine-3,1′-isobenzofuran]-5′-yl)but-2-en-1-one according to the structure:

(b) preparing a mixture comprising (Z)-3-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro -1-(1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropanoyl)-3′H-spiro[azetidine-3,1′-isobenzofuran]-5′-yl)but-2-en-1-one, an enantioselective catalyst, and a thiol donor and performing a reaction comprising reacting the mixture to form a thiol ether compound of formula (Ia):

wherein R 4 is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, and optionally substituted benzyl;

(c) cleaving the thiol ether of formula Ia to form a compound (S)-3-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-mercapto-1-(1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropanoyl)-3′H-spiro[azetidine-3,1′-isobenzofuran]-5′-yl)butan-1-one according to the structure:

 and

(d) preparing a mixture comprising (S)-3-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-mercapto-1-(1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropanoyl)-3′H-spiro[azetidine-3,1′-isobenzofuran]-5′-yl)butan-1-one and hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid and performing a reaction comprising reacting the mixture to form a compound (S)-1-[6-[5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isothiazol-3-yl]spiro[1H-isobenzofuran-3,3′-azetidine]-1′-yl]-3,3,3-trifluoro-propan-1-one according to the structure:

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the reaction of (a) further comprises adding a base to the mixture.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the base has a pKb of about −2 to about 9.

23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the base is selected from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, Hunig's Base, 1,8diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7ene, N-methylmorpholine, pyridine, 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine, 2,6-lutidine, N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine, (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, trimethylamine, and cesium carbonate.

24. The method of claim 20 wherein the enantioselective catalyst is selected from a secondary amine, a thiourea, and a squaramide enantioselective catalyst.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the squaramide enantioselective catalyst is 3-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)-4-(((R)-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((1S,2R,4S,5R)-5-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methyl)amino)cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione according to the structure:

26. The method of claim 20 , wherein the thiol donor is selected from benzyl mercaptan and 4-methoxybenzyl mercaptan.

27. The method of claim 20 , wherein the thiol ether compound of formula (Ia) is (S)-3-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-((4-methoxybenzyl)thio)-1-(1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropanoyl)-3′H-spiro[azetidine-3,1′-isobenzofuran]-5′-yl)butan-1-one according to the structure:

28. The method of claim 20 , wherein the cleaving (c) is an acid based cleavage comprising preparing a mixture comprising the thiol ether of formula Ia and adding an acid.

29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the acid has a pKa of less than 1.

30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the acid is selected from hydrochloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid and triflic acid.

31. The method of claim 20 , wherein the reaction of (d) further comprises adding a base and quenching the reaction with an acid.

32. A compound according to claim 8 , wherein the compound is designated as the (S) enantiomer and is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100% free of (R) enantiomer.

33. A compound according to claim 9 , wherein the compound is designated as the (S) enantiomer and is about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100% free of (R) enantiomer.