METHODS FOR THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF LEFT VENTRICLE REMODELING
The disclosure provides methods of preventing, treating, or ameliorating LV remodeling in a mammalian subject. The methods comprise administering to the subject a therapeutic amount of an aromatic-cationic peptide such as D-Arg-2,6-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2.
1 . A method of treating, preventing, or ameloriating left ventricular (LV) remodeling in a mammalian subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammalian subject a therapeutically effective amount an aromatic-cationic peptide, wherein the aromatic-cationic peptide comprises D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has suffered a myocardial infarction.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the myocardial infarction results from one or more of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, exposure to a cardiotoxic compound, myocarditis, thyroid disease, viral infection, gingivitis, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, pericarditis, atherosclerosis, vascular disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, coronary bypass surgery, starvation, an eating disorder, and a genetic defect.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the aromatic-cationic peptide is administered about 0.5 hours to 4 hours after myocardial infarction.
5 . The method of claim 1 , where the treated subject displays increased LV function compared to a control subject not administered the peptide.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein increased LV function is determined by one or more physiological measures factors selected from the group consisting of reduced LV stroke volume, improved LV ejection fraction, improved fractional shortening, reduced infarct expansion, improved hemodynamics, and reduced lung volumes.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a human.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide is administered orally, topically, systemically, intravenously, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intramuscularly.
9 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising separately, sequentially or simultaneously administering a cardiovascular agent to the subject.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the cardiovascular agent is selected from the group consisting of: an anti-arrhthymia agent, a vasodilator, an anti-anginal agent, a corticosteroid, a cardioglycoside, a diuretic, a sedative, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, an angiotensin II antagonist, a thrombolytic agent, a calcium channel blocker, a throboxane receptor antagonist, a radical scavenger, an anti-platelet drug, a β-adrenaline receptor blocking drug, α-receptor blocking drug, a sympathetic nerve inhibitor, a digitalis formulation, an inotrope, captopril, and an antihyperlipidemic drug.
11 . A method for improving LV function in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an aromatic-cationic peptide, wherein the aromatic-cationic peptide comprises D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein improved LV function is determined by one or more physiological factors selected from the group consisting of reduced LV stroke volume, improved LV ejection fraction, improved fractional shortening, reduced infarct expansion, improved hemodynamics, and reduced lung volumes.
13 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the peptide is administered about 0.5 hours to 4 hours after myocardial infarction.
14 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the peptide is administered orally, topically, systemically, intravenously, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intramuscularly.
15 . The method of claim 11 , further comprising separately, sequentially or simultaneously administering a cardiovascular agent to the subject.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the cardiovascular agent is selected from the group consisting of: an anti-arrhthymia agent, a vasodilator, an anti-anginal agent, a corticosteroid, a cardioglycoside, a diuretic, a sedative, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, an angiotensin II antagonist, a thrombolytic agent, a calcium channel blocker, a throboxane receptor antagonist, a radical scavenger, an anti-platelet drug, a β-adrenaline receptor blocking drug, α-receptor blocking drug, a sympathetic nerve inhibitor, a digitalis formulation, an inotrope, captopril, and an antihyperlipidemic drug.
17 . A method for promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, restoration of mitochondrial gene expression, or a combination thereof in a mammalian subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammalian subject a therapeutically effective amount of an aromatic-cationic peptide, wherein the aromatic-cationic peptide comprises D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein promoting mitochondrial biogenesis comprises stabilizing the expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator (PGC1), NRF1, Tfam, or a combination thereof in D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 treated border zone cells.
19 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the peptide is administered about 0.5 hours to 4 hours after myocardial infarction.
20 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the peptide is administered orally, topically, systemically, intravenously, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intramuscularly.
21 . The method of claim 17 , wherein promoting mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation comprises stabilizing the expression level of ERRα, PPARα, GLUT4, CD36, or a combination thereof in D-Arg-2′6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 treated border zone cells.
22 . The method of claim 17 , wherein restoration of mitochondrial gene expression comprises an increase in mitochondrial gene expression in D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 treated border zone cells.
23 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the subject has suffered a myocardial infarction.