Fiber composite and process of manufacture
The inventive fiber manufacturing process is particularly adapted for demanding applications such as sports racquets, including tennis racquets, badminton racquets and other sports applications. Because of the improved strength to weight ratio of components formed using the inventive method, a wide range of flexibility is achieved, allowing use of the inventive process to manufacture, for example, a fiber reinforced (for example, graphite) modular sports racquet, optionally provided with user-selectable weights and/or handle replacements. From the standpoint of the player, this allows a racquet frame featuring self customization. From the standpoint of a retailer, the benefit provided is reduction of inventory. The inventive fiber, for example graphite fiber) racquet frame is filled with a plastic foam and is formed using, for example, microencapsulation technology to time, generate and apply the pressure used to form the graphite composite material of which the racquet is comprised. Advantageously, inner and outer tubular members may be used to form the racquet frame, with the inner tubular member extending around the head of the racquet frame. This compares to the standard industry technique of air injection. The racquet is thus not hollow like conventional graphite racquets, and the walls therefore can be made thinner than those of existing graphite racquets still being of the same strength or being stronger, which gives the racquet exceptional performance. In addition, the overall dimensions of, for example the cross-section, of the racquet can also be reduced while still maintaining performance characteristics.
1. A method of making a fiber composite member, comprising:
(a) forming wrapped flat members of fiber permeated with a resinous material,
b) wrapping said wrapped flat members to form a tubular member portion, said tubular member portion having first and second ends;
c) effectively placing a foam plastic forming material comprising capsules filled with heat expandable material, said foam plastic forming material being positioned within said tubular member portion formed by said wrapped flat members;
d) substantially closing the ends of said tubular member portion comprising said wrapped flat members to define a substantially closed bladder,
wherein;
e) said closed bladder is introduced into a mold,
f) said tubular member portion containing said foam plastic forming material is heated to cause said foam plastic forming material to expand and form a foam plastic and apply pressure sufficient to form a fiber composite member,
g) said resinous material is hardened to form said fiber composite member, and
i) said foam plastic forming material has an expansion ratio of greater than 30.
2. A method of making a fiber composite member as in claim 1 , wherein said flat members are wrapped around a flexible tubular sleeve, and wherein said expansion agent is placed within said flexible tubular sleeve.
3. A method of making a fiber composite member as in claim 1 , wherein said flat members are wrapped around a flexible tubular sleeve while a rigid member is positioned within said sleeve to facilitate wrapping of said fiber permeated members.
4. A method of making a fiber composite member, comprising:
(a) forming more than one flat member of fiber permeated with resinous material;
(b) assembling said flat members into a unitary member comprised of assembled flat members and having at least one wall portion and first and second opposite ends;
(c) positioning a bladder forming member adjacent to one side of said at least one wall portion of said unitary member;
(d) distributively placing an expansion agent within said bladder forming member, said expansion agent being positioned adjacent to said at least one wall portion of said unitary member, and effecting distributed placement of said expansion agent, wherein said expanded expansion agent bears against said first and second opposite ends of said unitary member; and wherein
(e) said unitary member and said bladder forming member are introduced into a mold;
(f) a substantially closed bladder is formed by closing said bladder forming member;
(g) said expansion agent has an expansion ratio of greater than 30, and is caused to expand and apply pressure to said at least one wall portion after said distributed placement has been effected; and
(h) said resinous material is hardened.
5. A method as in claim 4 , wherein said mold is a closed mold and closes said bladder.
6. A method as in claim 4 wherein said flat members are wrapped around said bladder forming member.
7. A method as in claim 4 , wherein said expansion agent is a heat activated encapsulated foam plastic forming material.
8. A method of making the fiber composite member of claim 4 , wherein said unitary member is in the form of a sports racket comprising a head portion and a handle portion, said head portion being defined by a tubular unitary member portion having first and second opposite ends, said handle portion being positioned proximate to said head portion; and further comprising
weights positioned in said tubular unitary member portion, and
wherein said expanded expansion agent bears against said first and second opposite ends of said tubular unitary member.
9. A method of making the fiber composite member of claim 4 , wherein said distributive placement of said expansion agent in said bladder forming member results in distributing a quantity of said expansion agent onto an elongated spoon-like member, and wherein said spoon-like member containing said expansion agent is inserted into said bladder forming member.
10. A method of making a resin and fiber composite layup for making a resin and fiber composite member, comprising the steps of;
(a) forming an outer shell defining a cavity, said outer shell comprising;
(i) a plurality of layers of fibers,
(ii) a first resinous material disposed between said layers of fibers and securing said layers of fibers,
(b) disposing a second resinous material comprising spheres filled with a foaming agent disposed inside said cavity;
(c) said foaming agent encapsulated within said spheres of said second resinous material comprises an expansion ratio of greater than 30; and
(d) said outer shell defining a cavity forms a tubular member having first and second end portions, said first and second end portions being configured to seal the inside of said tubular member.
11. A method of manufacturing a shaped fiber composite part, comprising:
(a) supplying thermally expandable foamable microcapsules, said microcapsules encapsulating a foaming agent;
(b) supplying an uncured carbon or fiberglass composite having a curing temperature;
(c) supplying a rigid constraining mold;
(d) placing said uncured carbon or fiberglass composite against a wall of said constraining mold;
(e) adding said foamable microcapsules to an internal volume of said constraining mold proximate to said uncured carbon or fiberglass composite, said foamable microcapsules being configured to undergo volumetric expansion by foaming only when heated to a predetermined first temperature;
(f) closing said constraining mold to create a sealed pressure vessel;
(g) causing a plurality of said foamable microcapsules to expand by heating said foamable microcapsules to above or at the predetermined first temperature, so that a volumetric expansion by foaming of the foamable microcapsules creates a resulting pressure inside said sealed pressure vessel to said carbon or fiberglass composite; and
(h) allowing said carbon or fiberglass composite to cure at a second temperature that is at least equal to said predetermined first temperature, and while said resulting pressure is being applied to said carbon or fiberglass composite.
12. A method of manufacturing a shaped fiber composite part as in claim 11 , comprising; beginning to cool said carbon or fiberglass composite before releasing said resulting pressure inside the sealed pressure vessel.
13. A method of manufacturing a shaped fiber composite part as in claim 11 , wherein said foamable microcapsules expand at a ratio of greater than 30×.
14. A method of manufacturing a shaped fiber composite part as in claim 11 , wherein said foamable microcapsules expand at a ratio of greater than 60×.