Powerplant and related control system and method
A hydrogen fueled powerplant including an internal combustion engine that drives a motor-generator, and has a two-stage turbocharger, for an aircraft. A control system controls the operation of the motor-generator to maintain the engine at a speed selected based on controlling the engine equivalence ratio. The control system controls an afterburner, an intercooler and an aftercooler to maximize powerplant efficiency. The afterburner also adds power to the turbochargers during high-altitude restarts. The turbochargers also include motor-generators that extract excess power from the exhaust.
1. A powerplant, comprising:
an engine reacting a first reactant with a gaseous stream of second reactant to produce energy and an exhaust stream, wherein the gaseous stream of second reactant is supplied to the engine at a flow rate;
a compressor pressurizing the gaseous stream of second reactant supplied to the engine;
a turbine, wherein the compressor is driven in rotation by a driving force from the turbine, and wherein the turbine is propelled by the exhaust stream;
an afterburner in the exhaust stream upstream of the turbine, the afterburner reacting additional reactants in the exhaust stream; and
a control system programmed to control the amount of additional reactants reacted in the exhaust stream by the afterburner based on a target flow rate of the gaseous stream of second reactant supplied to the engine.
2. The powerplant of claim 1 , wherein the engine is a hydrogen-fueled engine running with an equivalence ratio of less than one, and the gaseous stream of second reactant is an oxidizer.
3. The powerplant of claim 1 , wherein the engine generates energy at an energy generation level related to a rate at which fuel is supplied to the engine, and wherein the control system changes the energy generation level by varying the rate at which fuel is supplied to the engine.
4. The powerplant of claim 1 , and further comprising a second turbocharger including a second turbine driven by the exhaust stream of the engine and a compressor pressurizing the gaseous stream of second reactant supplied to the engine, wherein the second turbocharger turbine is upstream of the afterburner.
5. The powerplant of claim 1 , wherein the target flow rate is based on a flow rate necessary to maintain engine operation, at a power generation requirement level, in the ambient conditions in which the powerplant is operating.
6. The powerplant of claim 5 , wherein the powerplant is operating at an altitude where the ambient pressure is low.
7. The powerplant of claim 1 , wherein the target flow rate varies during a period of transition in engine power generation level, based on a desired engine equivalence ratio level during the period of transition.
8. The powerplant of claim 7 , wherein the transition in engine power generation level is an engine fuel-flow rate transition.
9. The powerplant of claim 8 , wherein the engine fuel-flow rate transition is an increasing engine fuel-flow rate.
10. The powerplant of claim 1 , wherein the target flow rate is based on maintaining an exhaust stream temperature to be no higher than an exhaust stream temperature limit.
11. The powerplant of claim 10 , and further comprising a temperature sensor sensing the temperature of the exhaust stream, wherein the control system monitors the temperature of the exhaust stream using the temperature sensor, and wherein the control system controls the amount of additional reactants reacted in the exhaust stream by the afterburner based on the monitored temperature of the exhaust stream.
12. The powerplant of claim 10 , wherein the afterburner is a catalytic afterburner.
13. The powerplant of claim 10 , and further comprising an injector injecting a third reactant into the exhaust stream for reaction by the afterburner, wherein the control system controls the amount of additional reactant reacted in the exhaust stream by controlling the quantity of the third reactant injected into the exhaust stream.
14. The powerplant of claim 10 , wherein the temperature limit is a constant.
15. The powerplant of claim 1 , wherein the target flow rate is further based on the ambient conditions in which the powerplant is operating.
16. A method of producing energy, comprising:
providing an engine reacting a first reactant with a gaseous stream of second reactant to produce energy and an exhaust stream, wherein the gaseous stream of second reactant is supplied to the engine at a flow rate;
providing a compressor pressurizing the gaseous stream of second reactant supplied to the engine;
providing a turbine, wherein the compressor is driven in rotation by a driving force from the turbine, and wherein the turbine is propelled by the exhaust stream;
providing an afterburner in the exhaust stream upstream of the turbine, the afterburner reacting additional reactants in the exhaust stream; and
controlling the amount of additional reactants reacted in the exhaust stream by the afterburner based on a target flow rate of the gaseous stream of second reactant supplied to the engine.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the step of controlling includes basing the target flow rate on a flow rate necessary to maintain engine operation, at a power generation requirement level, in the ambient conditions in which the powerplant is operating.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the target flow rate varies during a period of transition in engine power generation level, and wherein the step of controlling includes basing the target flow rate on a desired engine equivalence ratio level during the period of transition.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the step of controlling includes basing the target flow rate on maintaining an exhaust stream temperature to be no higher than an exhaust stream temperature limit.
20. The powerplant of claim 19 , and further comprising a temperature sensor sensing the temperature of the exhaust stream, wherein the control system monitors the temperature of the exhaust stream using the temperature sensor, and wherein the control system controls the amount of additional reactants reacted in the exhaust stream by the afterburner based on the monitored temperature of the exhaust stream.