Method and composition for removing uremic toxins
Compositions for regeneration of spent dialysis fluid are disclosed. The compositions include a sorbent comprising a titanium-glyoxal complex. Sorbent cartridges comprising the sorbents, and methods and systems for using the cartridges in dialysis also are disclosed.
1. A sorbent comprising a titanium-glyoxal complex and a porous support material including at least one of activated carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, non-porous silicon, porous silicon, or a combination thereof, wherein the titanium-glyoxal complex is configured to absorb urea, and wherein the sorbent comprising the titanium-glyoxal complex and the porous support material demonstrates a urea sorption at least two times higher than that of another sorbent comprising zirconium-glyoxal on activated carbon under the same urea sorption assay condition.
2. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the porous support material comprises pores for holding the titanium-glyoxal complex inside the pores.
3. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the titanium-glyoxal complex comprises titanium-crosslinked hydrated glyoxal moieties.
4. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the titanium-glyoxal complex is formed by reacting hydrated glyoxal with titanium ions.
5. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the titanium-glyoxal complex has a structure comprising a molecule of formula I, formula II, formula III, formula IV, or a combination thereof:
6. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the titanium-glyoxal complex is associated with, adhered to, adsorbed on, coated on, and/or immobilized on the porous support material.
7. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the titanium-glyoxal complex is present in pores of the porous support material.
8. The sorbent of claim 1 , which includes a urea sorption capacity of greater than 50 mg urea/g sorbent.
9. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of titanium to glyoxal is 1:4.
10. A sorbent cartridge comprising the sorbent of claim 1 .
11. The sorbent cartridge of claim 10 , wherein the sorbent cartridge is free of an immobilized urease layer.
12. The sorbent cartridge of claim 10 , wherein total content of active urease in the cartridge is less than about 5 wt. % based on total immobilized weight portion of cartridge contents.
13. The sorbent cartridge of claim 10 , further comprising dialysate fluid which communicates with the sorbent.
14. The sorbent cartridge of claim 10 , further comprising a layer comprising titanium oxide, hydrous titanium dioxide, and/or titanium phosphate.
15. A method comprising passing a fluid comprising urea though the sorbent of claim 1 and/or through the sorbent cartridge of claim 10 , thereby binding urea to the titanium-glyoxal complex.
16. An apparatus for conducting dialysis comprising the sorbent cartridge of claim 10 , and a dialyzer in fluid communication with the sorbent cartridge, wherein spent dialysis fluid passes from the dialyzer to and through the sorbent cartridge.
17. A dialysis system comprising the sorbent cartridge of claim 10 and a source of spent dialysis fluid, wherein the source of spent dialysis fluid is in fluid communication with the sorbent cartridge and the spent dialysis fluid passes to and through the sorbent cartridge.
18. A method of making a sorbent of claim 1 for binding urea, comprising:
(i) combining glyoxal, a titanium ion source, and a solvent to provide a mixture comprising a titanium-glyoxal complex;
(ii) adding activated carbon to the mixture to provide a treated activated carbon;
(iii) separating the solvent from the treated activated carbon; and
(iv) washing the treated activated carbon to provide a washed treated activated carbon;
(v) drying the washed treated activated carbon to provide a sorbent for binding urea.
19. A sorbent comprising a titanium-glyoxal complex and a porous support material, the titanium-glyoxal complex comprising titanium-glyoxal polymeric complexes having the structure Ti[hydrated glyoxal moiety] n , wherein n is an integer from 2 to 10, and the porous support material comprising at least one of activated carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, non-porous silicon, porous silicon, or a combination thereof, wherein the titanium-glyoxal complex is configured to absorb urea, and wherein the sorbent comprising the titanium-glyoxal complex and the porous support material demonstrates a urea sorption at least two times higher than that of another sorbent comprising zirconium-glyoxal on activated carbon under the same urea sorption assay condition.
20. The sorbent of claim 1 , wherein the porous support material comprises the activated carbon.
21. The sorbent of claim 19 , wherein the porous support material comprises the activated carbon.