Detector designs for improved resolution in lidar systems

1. A lidar system for three-dimensional imaging, the lidar system comprising:

a laser source configured to emit a laser beam carrying an electromagnetic signal;

an emission lens configured to collimate and direct the laser beam towards one or more objects within a field of view of the emission lens, the one or more objects reflecting the laser beam to generate a return laser beam;

a receiving lens configured to receive and focus the return laser beam to a return beam spot at a focal plane of the receiving lens;

a detector including a plurality of photo sensors arranged as an array at the focal plane of the receiving lens, each respective photo sensor having a respective sensing area and configured to receive and detect a respective portion of the return laser beam corresponding to a respective section of the laser beam; and

a processor coupled to the laser source and the detector, the processor configured to:

determine a respective time of flight for each respective portion of the return laser beam detected at the respective photo sensor of the detector; and

construct a three-dimensional image of the one or more objects based on the respective time of flight for each respective portion of the return laser beam.

2. The lidar system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of photo sensors are arranged such that a total sensing area of the plurality of photo sensors substantially matches the return beam spot.

3. The lidar system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of photo sensors is arranged as the array that is one-dimensional or two-dimensional.

4. The lidar system of claim 3 wherein the plurality of photo sensors comprises two photo sensors.

5. The lidar system of claim 1 wherein the emission lens and the receiving lens comprise a same lens.

6. The lidar system of claim 1 further comprising a scanning mechanism to scan the laser beam emitted by the laser source.

7. The lidar system of claim 6 wherein the scanning mechanism comprises a rotating frame, wherein the laser source, the emission lens, the receiving lens, and the detector are mounted on the rotating frame.

8. The lidar system of claim 6 wherein the scanning mechanism comprises a rotating mirror or a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) mirror configured to reflect the laser beam.

9. The lidar system of claim 6 wherein the scanning mechanism is configured to translate the emission lens and the receiving lens synchronously in a plane substantially perpendicular to an optical axis of the lidar system.

10. The lidar system of claim 6 wherein the scanning mechanism is configured to:

translate the laser source relative to the emission lens in a plane substantially perpendicular to an optical axis of the lidar system; and

translate the detector relative to the receiving lens in the plane in synchronization of the translation of the laser source.

11. The lidar system of claim 6 wherein the scanning mechanism is configured to:

translate the laser source and the detector synchronously in at least a first direction in a plane substantially perpendicular to an optical axis of the lidar system; and

translate the emission lens and the receiving lens synchronously in at least a second direction in the plane.

12. The lidar system of claim 1 wherein the laser beam comprises a laser pulse or a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW).

13. A method of three-dimensional imaging, the method comprising:

emitting, using a laser source, a laser pulse;

collimating and directing, using an emission lens, the laser pulse towards one or more objects within a field of view of the emission lens, the one or more objects reflecting the laser pulse to generate a return laser pulse;

receiving and focusing, using a receiving lens, the return laser pulse to a return beam spot at a focal plane of the receiving lens;

detecting, using a detector including a plurality of photo sensors arranged as an array at the focal plane of the receiving lens, a respective portion of the return laser pulse received at each respective photo sensor, wherein the respective portion of the return laser pulse corresponds to a respective section of the laser pulse;

determining, using a processor coupled to the laser source and the detector, a time of flight for each respective portion of the return laser pulse; and

constructing, using the processor, a three-dimensional image of the one or more objects based on the time of flight for each respective portion of the return laser pulse.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein each respective photo sensor has a respective sensing area for receiving the respective portion of the return laser pulse, and the plurality of photo sensors is arranged such that a total sensing area of the plurality of photo sensors substantially matches the return beam spot.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the return beam spot has a width in a first detector direction and a height in a second detector direction orthogonal to the first detector direction, the height being different from the width.

16. The method of claim 13 wherein the plurality of photo sensors is arranged as the array that is one-dimensional or two-dimensional.

17. The method of claim 13 further comprising:

translating the laser source through a plurality of emission locations along at least a first direction substantially perpendicular to an optical axis of the emission lens; and

translating the detector through a plurality of detection locations along at least the first direction, each respective detection location of the plurality of detection locations corresponding to a respective emission location of the plurality of emission locations, wherein the laser source and the detector are translated synchronously with respect to each other.

18. The method of claim 13 wherein each of the laser source and the detector is translated along two directions.

19. The method of claim 13 further comprising:

translating the emission lens relative to the laser source along at least a first direction substantially perpendicular to an optical axis of the emission lens; and

translating the receiving lens relative to the detector along at least the first direction, wherein the emission lens and the receiving lens are translated synchronously with respect to each other.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein each of the emission lens and the receiving lens is translated along two directions.

21. The method of claim 13 further comprising:

translating the laser source and the detector synchronously in at least a first direction substantially perpendicular to an optical axis of the emission lens; and

translating the emission lens and the receiving lens synchronously in at least a second direction substantially perpendicular to the optical axis of the emission lens.

22. A lidar system for three-dimensional imaging, the lidar system comprising:

a laser source configured to emit a laser beam carrying an electromagnetic signal;

a lens configured to collimate and direct the laser beam towards one or more objects within a field of view of the lens, the one or more objects reflecting the laser beam to generate a return laser beam, the lens further configured to receive and focus the return laser beam to a return beam spot at a focal plane of the lens;

a detector including a plurality of photo sensors arranged as an array at the focal plane of the lens, each respective photo sensor having a respective sensing area and configured to receive and detect a respective portion of the return laser beam corresponding to a respective section of the laser beam; and

a processor coupled to the laser source and the detector, the processor configured to:

determine a respective time of flight for each respective portion of the return laser beam detected at the respective photo sensor of the detector; and

construct a three-dimensional image of the one or more objects based on the respective time of flight for each respective portion of the return laser beam.