Non-invasive flow monitoring
Systems are provided for detecting the flow of blood in vasculature by illuminating the blood with a source of coherent illumination and detecting one or more time-varying properties of a light speckle pattern that results from the scattering of the coherent illumination by tissue and blood. The movement of blood cells and other light-scattering elements in the blood causes transient, short-duration changes in the speckle pattern. High-frequency sampling or other high-bandwidth processing of a detected intensity at one or more points in the speckle pattern could be used to determine the flow of blood in the vasculature. Such flow-measuring systems are also presented as wearable devices that can be operated to detect the flow in vasculature of a wearer. Systems and methods provided herein can additionally be applied to measure flow in other scattering fluid media, for example in a scattering industrial, medical, pharmaceutical, or environmental fluid.
1. A device comprising:
a light source, wherein the light source is configured to emit a beam of coherent illumination into a portion of subsurface vasculature;
a light sensor, wherein the light sensor detects a pattern of constructive and destructive interference in light emitted from the portion of subsurface vasculature in response to the coherent illumination from the light source and outputs a detected light intensity waveform comprising a plurality of pulses corresponding to speckle events caused by motion of one or more individual particles in the subsurface vasculature, wherein each pulse in the plurality of pulses includes a respective rising edge, plateau, and falling edge; and
a controller coupled to the light source and the light sensor, wherein the controller comprises an analog frontend that processes the output of the light sensor, wherein the analog frontend comprises a differentiator configured to output a signal indicative of a rate of increase during a rising edge and/or a rate of decrease during a falling edge of each respective pulse, and wherein the controller (i) determines velocities of the one or more individual particles based on the output of the differentiator, and (ii) determines a flow property of fluid in the portion of subsurface vasculature based on the determined velocities of the one or more individual particles.
2. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a mount configured to mount the light source and the light sensor to an external body surface.
3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the external body surface is a wrist location.
4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the flow property of fluid is a flow rate of blood in the portion of subsurface vasculature.
5. The device of claim 4 , wherein the beam of illumination emitted by the light source has a specified wavelength, wherein the specified wavelength is between approximately 400 nanometers and approximately 1000 nanometers.
6. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an annular filter, wherein the light sensor has a specified axis, wherein the annular filter is configured to substantially block light from being received by the light sensor unless the light approaches the light sensor from an angle relative to the specified axis of the light sensor, wherein the angle has a value within a specified range of values.
7. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a user interface configured to provide a user-discernible indication of the determined flow property.
8. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a wireless communication interface configured to transmit data indicative of the determined flow property.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the beam of coherent illumination emitted by the light source has a first specified wavelength, and further comprising a second light source, wherein the second light source is configured to emit a second beam of coherent illumination to illuminate the portion of subsurface vasculature, wherein the second beam of coherent illumination emitted by the second light source has a second specified wavelength that is different from the first specified wavelength.
10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the controller further comprises an analog-to-digital converter.
11. The device of claim 1 , further comprising:
an array of light sources, wherein individual light sources of the array of light sources are configured to emit respective beams of coherent illumination, wherein the light sources of the array of light sources are spatially distributed such that individual beams of coherent illumination emitted by respective light sources of the array of light sources illuminate respective portions of tissue, wherein the light sensor is further configured to detect respective patterns of constructive and destructive interference in light emitted from the respective portions of tissue in response to the coherent illumination from respective light sources of the array of light sources, and wherein the controller operates individual light sources of the array of light sources to illuminate respective portion of tissue and determines respective flow properties of fluid in the respective portions of tissue illuminated by the operated individual light sources.
12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the individual particles are blood cells.