Processes for formation of porous biologically compatible scaffold structures
A method of forming a porous structure involves mixing a solvent with a curable material which disperses in the solvent such that the mixture has greater than 50% solvent content. The mixture is deposited on a substrate and viscosity of the mixture is increased. The curable material in the mixture is cured while a shape of the curable material is maintained by the solvent. After curing, the solvent is removed from the structure.
1. A method of forming a porous structure, comprising: mixing a solvent with a curable material comprising a thermoset monomer precursor which disperses in the solvent to form a mixture comprising greater than 50% solvent content; three-dimensionally printing the mixture on a substrate using a three-dimensional (3D) printer; increasing, after three-dimensionally printing, a viscosity of the mixture; curing the curable material on the substrate to allow polymerization of the curable material while a shape of the curable material is maintained by the solvent; and removing the solvent from the structure, the structure comprising pore diameters that are below a resolution of the 3D printer, wherein the pore diameters range from 10 to 100 μm.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture further comprises one or more of fillers, polymers, and nanoparticles.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein increasing the viscosity of the mixture comprises reducing a temperature of the mixture.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein increasing the viscosity of the mixture comprises chemically reacting the solvent.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein increasing the viscosity of the mixture comprises increasing the viscosity due to non-Newtonian behavior of the solvent.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein increasing the viscosity of the mixture comprises using shear controlling particles in the mixture.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing the solvent comprises vacuum removal of the solvent.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing the solvent comprises dissolving the solvent in a second solvent.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing the solvent comprises melting the solvent.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein curing the curable material and removing the solvent causes shrinkage less than about 20% of the structure.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein curing the curable material and removing the solvent produces the structure having porosity greater than 50%.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture includes a curing initiator for the curable material.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the curing initiator for the curable material is introduced after increasing the viscosity of the solvent.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the curing initiator is introduced by one or more of vapor deposition, vapor diffusion and liquid permeation.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein three dimensionally printing the mixture comprises ink jet printing the mixture.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein three dimensionally printing the mixture comprises extruding the mixture.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein curing the curable material comprises activating the curing by one or more of heat, light, pressure, and ultrasound.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the curable material comprises one or more of epoxy resin, polyester resin, polyurethanes, vulcanizable rubber, polyimides, silicone, and vinyl ester.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the curable material comprises the thermoset monomer precursor combined with a thermoplastic material.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the curable material further comprises one or more of a polymer comprising lactide and glycolide, chitosan, hydroxybutyric acid, polyanhydrides, polyester, polyphosphazenes, polyphosphoester, caprolactone polymer, alginate, agar, polyurethane, and/or gelatin.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structure comprises pore diameters that are smaller than a nozzle size of the 3D printer.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structure comprises a biologically compatible three-dimensional porous scaffold structure.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structure has a porosity of >50% and a mechanical modulus of >20 MPa.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structure has a porosity of >50% and a compressive strength of about 1 MPa.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the structure has a porosity of >50%, a mechanical modulus of >20 MPa, and a compressive strength of about 1 MPa.