Assemblies of anisotropic optical elements and methods of making

1. A method, comprising:

obtaining a first optical assembly distinct and separate from a target substrate, the first optical assembly including a first optical element and a first flexible membrane, the first optical element having a first optical element surface and a second optical element surface that is opposite to the first optical element surface, the first flexible membrane having a first membrane surface and a second membrane surface that is opposite to the first membrane surface, wherein the first optical element is a geometric phase optical element or a polarization volume hologram optical element, and the second optical element surface of the first optical element is coupled with at least a first portion of the first membrane surface of the first flexible membrane; and

subsequent to obtaining the first optical assembly distinct and separate from the target substrate, coupling the first optical element with the first flexible membrane attached thereto to the target substrate.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein coupling the first optical element to the target substrate includes coupling at least a second portion of the first membrane surface of the first flexible membrane to the target substrate.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the first optical element is removably coupled with the first membrane surface of the first flexible membrane; and

the method further includes:

coupling the first optical element surface of the first optical element to the target substrate; and

separating the first flexible membrane from the first optical element while the first optical element remains on the target substrate.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein:

the first membrane surface of the first flexible membrane is coated with one or more adhesives.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein coupling the first optical element to the target substrate includes coupling the second membrane surface of the first flexible membrane to the target substrate.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein obtaining the first optical assembly comprises:

forming the first optical element on a source substrate;

coupling the first membrane surface of the first flexible membrane with the second optical element surface of the first optical element while the first optical element is located on the source substrate; and

separating the first optical element from the source substrate.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first optical element with the first flexible membrane attached thereto is coupled to a non-flat surface of the target substrate.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first optical assembly further includes a second optical element that is distinct and separate from the first optical element, the second optical element having a third optical element surface and a fourth optical element surface that is opposite to the third optical element surface, wherein the second optical element is a geometric phase optical element or a polarization volume hologram optical element, and the fourth optical element surface of the second optical element is coupled with at least a third portion of the first membrane surface of the first flexible membrane, the method further comprising:

coupling the second optical element with the first flexible membrane attached thereto to the target substrate.

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

coupling the second optical element to the target substrate concurrently with coupling the first optical element to the target substrate.

10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

obtaining a second optical assembly including a second optical element and a second flexible membrane, the second optical element having a third optical element surface and a fourth optical element surface that is opposite to the third optical element surface, the second flexible membrane having a third membrane surface and a fourth membrane surface that is opposite to the third membrane surface, wherein the second optical element is a geometric phase optical element or a polarization volume hologram optical element, and the fourth optical element surface of the second optical element is coupled with at least a first portion of the third membrane surface of the second flexible membrane; and

coupling the second optical element to the first optical element on the target substrate.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein:

coupling third surface of the second optical element to first surface of the first optical element.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein:

coupling the second optical element to the first optical element on the target substrate comprises coupling at least a portion of the fourth membrane surface of the second flexible membrane to at least a portion of the first optical element surface of the first optical element.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the first flexible membrane is elastic; and

the method further comprises stretching the first optical element along with the first flexible membrane before coupling the first optical element with the first flexible membrane attached thereto to the target substrate.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the target substrate is elastic; and

the method further comprises, subsequent to coupling the first optical element to the target substrate, stretching the first optical element along with the target substrate.

15. An optical assembly, comprising:

a first optical element having a first optical element surface and a second optical element surface that is opposite to the first optical element surface, wherein the first optical element is a geometric phase optical element or a polarization volume hologram optical element;

a first flexible membrane having a first membrane surface and a second membrane surface that is opposite to the first membrane surface; and

a target substrate, wherein:

the second optical element surface of the first optical element is coupled with at least a first portion of the first membrane surface of the first flexible membrane; and

the target substrate has a non-flat surface and the first flexible membrane is coupled to the non-flat surface of the target substrate.

16. The optical assembly of claim 15 , wherein the target substrate is a lens.

17. The optical assembly of claim 15 , further comprising a target substrate, wherein at least a second portion of the first membrane surface of the first flexible membrane is coupled to the target substrate.

18. The optical assembly of claim 15 , wherein the second membrane surface of the first flexible membrane is coupled to the target substrate.

19. The optical assembly of claim 18 , wherein the second membrane surface of the first flexible membrane is coupled to the non-flat surface of the target substrate.

20. An optical assembly, comprising:

a first optical element having a first optical element surface and a second optical element surface that is opposite to the first optical element surface, wherein the first optical element is a geometric phase optical element or a polarization volume hologram optical element;

a first flexible membrane having a first membrane surface and a second membrane surface that is opposite to the first membrane surface, wherein the second optical element surface of the first optical element is coupled with at least a first portion of the first membrane surface of the first flexible membrane; and

a second optical element having a third optical element surface and a fourth optical element surface that is opposite to the third optical element surface, wherein the second optical element is a geometric phase optical element or a polarization volume hologram optical element;

a second flexible membrane having a third membrane surface and a fourth membrane surface that is opposite to the third membrane surface, and the fourth optical element surface of the second optical element is coupled with at least a first portion of the third membrane surface of the second flexible membrane; and

the second optical element is coupled with the first optical element.