Dispersants, coating compositions including dispersants, and methods of forming the same
A graft copolymer is provided herein. The graft copolymer includes a polymeric backbone. The polymeric backbone includes a cyclic amine-containing moiety. The graft copolymer further includes a first side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the first side chain includes an acid-containing moiety. The graft copolymer further includes a second side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the second side chain includes an alkoxylated moiety. Another graft copolymer is provided herein. The graft copolymer includes a polymeric backbone. The polymeric backbone includes a quaternary ammonium moiety formed from a reaction of an amine-containing moiety and an alkylation agent. The graft copolymer further includes a first side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the first side chain includes an acid-containing moiety. The graft copolymer further includes a second side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the second side chain includes an alkoxylated moiety.
1. A graft copolymer, comprising:
a polymeric backbone comprising a cyclic amine-containing moiety;
a first side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the first side chain comprises an acid-containing moiety; and
a second side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the second side chain comprises an alkoxylated moiety, and wherein the alkoxylated moiety is formed from an olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 250.
2. The graft copolymer of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric backbone further comprises a quaternary ammonium moiety.
3. The graft copolymer of claim 2 , wherein the quaternary ammonium moiety is formed from a reaction of the cyclic amine-containing moiety and an alkylation agent.
4. The graft copolymer of claim 1 , wherein the cyclic amine-containing moiety is formed from N-vinyl imidazole, 2-vinyl pyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, vinyl carbazole, or combinations thereof.
5. The graft copolymer of claim 4 , wherein the cyclic amine-containing moiety is formed from N-vinyl imidazole.
6. The graft copolymer of claim 1 , wherein the acid-containing moiety is formed from an olefinically unsaturated acid-containing macromonomer, and the acid-containing macromonomer is formed from a reaction mixture comprising an olefinically unsaturated acid-functional monomer in the presence of a catalytic chain transfer agent.
7. The graft copolymer of claim 1 , wherein the alkoxylated moiety is formed from an olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer comprising a methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol) monomethacrylate.
8. The graft copolymer of claim 1 , wherein the graft copolymer is formed from a reaction mixture comprising:
an olefinically unsaturated cyclic amine-containing compound, wherein the olefinically unsaturated cyclic amine-containing compound forms the cyclic amine-containing moiety;
an olefinically unsaturated acid-containing macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 500, wherein the olefinically unsaturated acid-containing macromonomer forms the acid-containing moiety; and
an olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 250, wherein the olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer forms the alkoxylated moiety.
9. The graft copolymer of claim 8 , wherein the olefinically unsaturated cyclic amine-containing compound comprises N-vinyl imidazole, 2-vinyl pyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, vinyl carbazole, or combinations thereof.
10. The graft copolymer of claim 8 , wherein the reaction mixture further comprises an olefinically unsaturated aromatic monomer to form the polymeric backbone.
11. The graft copolymer of claim 10 , wherein the olefinically unsaturated aromatic monomer is selected from the group of benzyl (meth)acrylate, phenyl (meth)acrylate, phenoxy ethyl (meth)acrylic, styrene, a-methyl styrene, and combinations thereof.
12. The graft copolymer of claim 8 , wherein the reaction mixture further comprises 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, or combinations thereof.
13. A graft copolymer, comprising:
a polymeric backbone comprising a quaternary ammonium moiety formed from a reaction of a cyclic amine-containing moiety and an alkylation agent;
a first side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the first side chain comprises an acid-containing moiety; and
a second side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the second side chain comprises an alkoxylated moiety, and wherein the alkoxylated moiety is formed from an olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 250.
14. The graft copolymer of claim 13 , wherein the quaternary ammonium moiety is formed from the reaction of the amine-containing moiety and the alkylation agent after the amine-containing moiety has been polymerized into the polymeric backbone.
15. The graft copolymer of claim 13 , wherein the cyclic amine-containing moiety is formed from N-vinyl imidazole, 2-vinyl pyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, vinyl carbazole, or combinations thereof.
16. The graft copolymer of claim 13 , wherein the acid-containing moiety is formed from an olefinically unsaturated acid-containing macromonomer, and the acid-containing macromonomer is formed from a reaction mixture comprising an olefinically unsaturated acid-functional monomer in the presence of a catalytic chain transfer agent.
17. The graft copolymer of claim 13 , wherein the alkoxylated moiety is formed from an olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer comprising a poly(ethyleneglycol) mono(meth)acrylate.
18. The graft copolymer of claim 13 , wherein the graft copolymer is formed from a reaction mixture comprising:
an olefinically unsaturated amine-containing compound, wherein the olefinically unsaturated amine-containing compound forms the cyclic amine-containing moiety;
an olefinically unsaturated acid-containing macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 500, wherein the olefinically unsaturated acid-containing macromonomer forms the acid-containing moiety; and
the olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 250.
19. The graft copolymer of claim 18 , wherein the olefinically unsaturated amine-containing compound comprises N-vinyl imidazole, 2-vinyl pyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, vinyl carbazole, or combinations thereof.
20. A coating composition, comprising:
a pigment;
a graft copolymer for dispersing the pigment, the graft copolymer comprising;
a polymeric backbone comprising a cyclic amine-containing moiety,
a first side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the first side chain comprises an acid-containing moiety, and
a second side chain bound to the polymeric backbone, wherein the second side chain comprises an alkoxylated moiety, and wherein the alkoxylated moiety is formed from an olefinically unsaturated alkoxylated macromonomer having a weight average molecular weight of at least 250;
water; and
optionally organic solvent, wherein the coating composition comprises the water in an amount of at least 50 wt. % based on a total weight percent of a combination of the water and the organic solvent in the coating composition when the organic solvent is present.