High optical transparency polymer aerogels using low refractive index monomers
A polymer aerogel has polymerizable monomers and crosslinkers, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of less than 1.5, and the polymer aerogel has a visible transmittance of at least 20%/3 mm, a haze of 50%/3 mm or lower, and a porosity of at least 10%. A method of producing an aerogel includes dissolving precursors into a solvent, wherein the precursors include monomers, crosslinkers, a controlling agent and an initiator to form a precursor solution, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of 1.5 or lower, polymerizing the precursor solution to form a gel polymer, and removing the solvent from the gel polymer to produce an aerogel polymer.
1. A polymer aerogel comprising polymerized monomers and crosslinkers, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of less than 1.45, and the polymer aerogel has a visible transmittance of at least 20%/3 mm, a haze of 50%/3 mm or lower, and a porosity of at least 10%.
2. The polymer aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the monomers or the at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of less than 1.4.
3. The polymer aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the polymer aerogel has a porosity of at least 40%, haze of 30%/3 mm or lower, and a specific surface area of at least 500 m 2 /g.
4. The polymer aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the polymer aerogel has a haze below 6%/3 mm, a specific surface area above 300 m 2 /g, a porosity above 20%, average pore size below 10 nm, and pore size distribution with full width at half maximum below 10 nm.
5. The polymer aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the polymer aerogel has a degradation onset temperature above 250° C.
6. The polymer aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the polymer aerogel has thermal conductivity below 0.1 W/mK.
7. A polymer aerogel manufactured from the process of:
dissolving precursors into a solvent, wherein the precursors include monomers, crosslinkers, a controlling agent and an initiator to form a precursor solution, wherein at least one of the monomers or at least one of the crosslinkers has a refractive index of 1.4 or lower;
polymerizing the precursor solution to form a gel polymer; and
removing the solvent from the gel polymer to produce an aerogel polymer.
8. The polymer aerogel as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the at least one monomer or at least one crosslinker has a stiffness of at least 3.5 GPa for the Young's modulus when polymerized.
9. The polymer aerogel as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the at least one monomer or the at least one crosslinker comprises one selected from the group consisting of: divinylbenzene; hexanediol diacrylate; hexanediol dimethacrylate, trimethacrylate, adamantane, and dipentaerythritol pentacrylate.
10. The polymer aerogel as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the monomers or the at least one of the crosslinkers having a refractive index of 1.45 or lower comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: 1H, 1H, 6H, 6H-Per-fluoro-1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (F-HDDA), 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene, 1H, 1H, 2H-Perfluoro-l-hexene, ethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate, 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl methacrylate, 1, 1, 1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate, 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl acrylate, methacrylate-functionalized perfluoropolyethers, and acrylate-functionalized perfluoropolyethers.
11. The polymer aerogel as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the polymer aerogel comprises at least one monomer or at least one crosslinker with a refractive index of less than 1.45 comprising 30-99.9 vol % of the polymerizable monomers and crosslinkers.
12. The polymer aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the polymer aerogel has a porosity of at least 40%, haze of 15%/3 mm or lower, and a specific surface area of at least 600 m 2 /g.
13. The polymer aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the polymer aerogel comprises at least 20 wt % of fluorine.
14. The polymer aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the aerogel includes a control agent.
15. The polymer aerogel of claim 14 , wherein the control agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: a chain transfer agent, an organic thiol chain transfer agent, dodecanethiol, chloroform, octyl mercaptan, and 1,8-dimercapto-3,6-dioxaoctane.
16. The polymer aerogel of claim 14 , wherein the control agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: reagents to enable stable free radical polymerization, a stable nitroxide, an alkoxyamine, 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO), and 4-hydroxy-TEMPO.
17. The polymer aerogel of claim 14 , wherein the control agent comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of: a reagent capable of mediating a RAFT polymerization, a trithiocarbonate chain transfer agent, a xanthate chain transfer agent, a benzodithioate chain transfer agent, and a ligand-coordinated transition metal ion capable of mediating an ATRP polymerization.
18. The polymer aerogel of claim 1 , wherein the polymer aerogel includes at least a portion of an initiator or at least a portion of a chain transfer agent.