Rejuvenation of subsea electrical cable insulation
Described is a cable rejuvenation apparatus for a cable used in a subsea environment. The apparatus applies a bias signal to a conducting element of the cable, the bias signal being selected to improve the insulation properties of the cable. The bias signal is generated by a bias signal generator that includes a voltage source that generates a bias voltage having a time varying component. The bias voltage promotes an electrochemical reaction between the conducting element and the salt containing liquid of the subsea environment resulting in the formation of a barrier material at the fault location restricting further leakage current flow and enhancing the insulation resistance of the cable. The bias signal is a voltage selected such that the electrochemical reaction promoted by the bias voltage maintains the presence of the barrier material at the fault location.
1. A cable rejuvenation apparatus for rejuvenating a subsea environment cable, the cable comprising an electrically conducting element sheathed by an electrically insulating material which shields the electrically conducting element from the subsea environment, wherein the cable rejuvenation apparatus is configured to generate and apply a bias signal to the electrically conducting element of the cable, while the cable is located in the subsea environment, the cable rejuvenation apparatus comprising:
a bias signal generator including an AC voltage source and a DC voltage source, wherein the bias signal generator is configured to combine the AC and DC voltage sources to generate the bias signal such that the bias signal comprises a bias voltage with a time varying component and a magnitude;
a line insulation monitor configured to monitor insulation resistance properties of the cable; and
a control unit configured to control the operation of the bias signal generator in order to generate the bias signal to improve the insulation resistance properties of the cable by promoting an electrochemical reaction generating a barrier material tending to reduce electrical current flow between the electrically conducting element and seawater of the subsea environment,
wherein the control unit is further configured to control the bias signal generator to control the rate of the electrochemical reaction to ensure that the barrier material is maintained at a level sufficient to maintain the insulation resistance properties within an acceptable range, and
wherein the control unit is further configured to control the AC and DC voltage sources for controlling the time varying component and the magnitude of the bias voltage, respectively, based on the monitored insulation resistance properties from the line insulation monitor in order to maintain the insulation resistance properties within the acceptable range.
2. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the bias signal generator is configured to apply the bias voltage between the electrically conducting element of the cable, and ground, in which the ground is provided at least in part by the seawater in the subsea environment and/or a further electrically conducting element of the subsea environment cable.
3. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the apparatus further comprises a current limiting resistor configured to limit the magnitude of a leakage current arising from the application of the bias voltage.
4. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the time varying component is one of: sinusoidal, square, triangular in waveform.
5. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured to apply the bias voltage for a predetermined period of time to enhance the insulation resistance properties of the cable.
6. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the cable rejuvenation apparatus is configured to apply the bias voltage at a predetermined amplitude to enhance the insulation resistance properties of the cable.
7. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the bias signal comprises a bias current signal.
8. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the cable rejuvenation apparatus is further configured to:
conduct a sequence of measurements upon the subsea environment cable to determine insulation resistance of the subsea environment cable and variations in resistance over time; and
control the bias signal based on the measured insulation resistance.
9. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the cable rejuvenation apparatus is configured to select the bias signal depending upon the material of the electrically conducting element, wherein the electrically conducting element comprises copper or aluminum.
10. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the cable rejuvenation apparatus is configured to select the bias voltage to enhance the insulation resistance properties of the cable, maintaining a reaction initiation voltage of between 1V and 300V across the insulating material at a fault location.
11. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the cable rejuvenation apparatus is configured to arrange the bias voltage to maintain a reaction initiation voltage of between 2V and 150V across the insulating material at the fault location.
12. The cable rejuvenation apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the cable rejuvenation apparatus is configured to arrange the bias voltage to maintain a reaction initiation voltage of between 4V and 75V across the insulating material at the fault location.