Build orientation for additive manufacturing of complex structures
Systems, methods, and devices of additive manufacturing (3D printing) of complex structures made of surfaces including at least some of which that are orthogonal to each other. Specifically disclosed herein are build orientations used to manufacture complex metal structures with a build chamber of an additive manufacturing printer. The novel build orientations allow the fabrication of components with a minimum of support structure.
1. A method of additive manufacturing a component that comprises at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the component, wherein the method comprises:
providing an additive manufacturing printer comprising:
a coordinate system comprising x-, y-, and z-axes; and
a build chamber comprising a build plate oriented in an x-y plane;
wherein the additive manufacturing printer constructs the component with planar slices added in a positive z-axis (zenith) direction relative to the build plate;
providing a metal feedstock to the additive manufacturing printer;
rendering a representation of the component;
establishing an aligned build orientation for the component relative to the coordinate system by rendering the representation of the component such that at least one surface of the representation of the component is substantially parallel to one of the x-, y-, or z-axes of the coordinate system for the additive manufacturing printer;
establishing a secondary build orientation for the component by rotating the representation of the component from the aligned build orientation by about 45° relative to a secondary axis lying in the x-y plane;
establishing an optimized build orientation for the component by rotating the representation of the component from the secondary build orientation along an optimal axis also lying in the x-y plane such that an overhang angle of the component is less than or equal to fifty-five degrees, wherein the optimal axis is perpendicular to the secondary axis, and wherein the overhang angle is defined between the z-axis of the coordinate system and a perpendicular line extending from any surface of the component; and
electronically communicating the optimized build orientation to the additive manufacturing printer and causing the additive manufacturing printer to transform the metal feedstock into a physically printed metal component by adding planar slices of the metal feedstock in the positive z-axis direction relative to the build plate and according to the optimized build orientation of the component;
wherein the physically printed metal component comprises the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the physically printed metal component; and
wherein the additive manufacturing printer prints the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the physically printed metal component without aid of an internal support structure due to the additive manufacturing printer printing according to the optimized build orientation.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein establishing the optimized build orientation for the component comprises optimally rotating the representation of the component in a range from 1° to 35° around the optimal axis.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein establishing the optimized build orientation for the component comprises optimally rotating the representation of the component about 35° around the optimal axis.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the additive manufacturing printer is a metal additive manufacturing printer; and
wherein the component comprises an antenna waveguide.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces are substantially orthogonal to each other, and wherein the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces are located internally to the physically printed metal component such that the substantially orthogonal surfaces cannot be reached from an outside of the physically printed metal component.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein establishing the aligned build orientation for the representation of the component comprises ensuring that each surface of the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the component is substantially parallel to one of the x-, y-, or z-axes of the coordinate system for the additive manufacturing printer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein establishing the secondary build orientation for the component comprises rotating the representation of the component from the aligned build orientation by about 45° about the y-axis of the coordinate system; and
wherein establishing the optimized build orientation for the component comprises rotating the representation of the component from the secondary build orientation about the x- axis of the coordinate system.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein establishing the secondary build orientation for the component comprises rotating the representation of the component from the aligned build orientation by about 45° about the x-axis of the coordinate system; and
wherein establishing the optimized build orientation for the component comprises rotating the representation of the component from the secondary build orientation about the y-axis of the coordinate system.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the component comprises a hollow waveguide configured to propagate a wave of electromagnetic energy.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the component comprises a plurality of orthogonal surfaces, and wherein the optimized build orientation is optimized to eliminate the use of any internal support structures when printing the component using metal additive manufacturing processes.
11. Thet method of claim 1 , further comprising rendering a representation of the build chamber of the additive manufacturing printer, and wherein rendering the representation of the component comprises rendering within the representation of the build chamber of the additive manufacturing printer.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein establishing the aligned build orientation for the component relative to the coordinate system comprises ensuring that at least a portion of the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces comprises one surface that is substantially parallel to one of the x-, y-, or z-axes of the coordinate system for the additive manufacturing printer.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the physically printed metal component comprises the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the physically printed metal component, and further comprises at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located externally to the physically printed component.
14. A method of additive manufacturing an antenna component that comprises at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the antenna component, wherein the method comprises:
providing a metal additive manufacturing printer comprising:
a coordinate system comprising x-, y-, and z-axes; and
a build chamber comprising a build plate oriented in the x-y plane;
wherein the metal additive manufacturing printer constructs the antenna component with planar slices added in a positive z-axis (zenith) direction relative to the build plate;
providing a metal feedstock to the additive manufacturing printer;
rendering a representation of the antenna component;
establishing an aligned build orientation for the antenna component relative to the coordinate system such that at least one surface of the representation of the antenna component is substantially parallel to one of the x-, y-, or z-axes of the metal additive manufacturing printer;
establishing a secondary build orientation for the antenna component by rotating the representation of the antenna component from the aligned build orientation by about 45° relative to the x-axis;
establishing an optimized build orientation for the antenna component by rotating the representation of the antenna component from the secondary build orientation along an optimal axis also lying in the x-y plane such that an overhang angle of the antenna component is less than or equal to fifty-five degrees, wherein the optimal axis is perpendicular to the secondary axis, and wherein the overhang angle is defined between the z-axis of the coordinate system and a perpendicular line extending from any surface of the antenna component; and
electronically communicating the optimized build orientation to the additive manufacturing printer and causing the metal additive manufacturing printer to transform the metal feedstock into a physical printed metal antenna component by adding planar slices of the metal feedstock in the positive z-axis direction relative to the build plate and according to the optimized build orientation of the antenna component;
wherein the physically printed metal antenna component comprises the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the physically printed metal antenna component; and
wherein the metal additive manufacturing printer prints the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the physically printed metal antenna component without aid of an internal support structure due to the metal additive manufacturing printer printing according to the optimized build orientation.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein establishing the optimized build orientation for the component by rotating the representation of the component from the secondary build orientation along the optimal axis comprises rotating the representation of the antenna component in a range from 1° to 35° around the y-axis.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein establishing the optimized build orientation for the component by rotating the representation of the component from the secondary build orientation along the optimal axis comprises rotating the representation of the antenna component about 35° around the y-axis.
17. A method of metal additive manufacturing for a waveguide, wherein the waveguide comprises at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the waveguide, and wherein the method comprises:
providing an additive manufacturing printer comprising:
a coordinate system comprising x-, y-, and z-axes; and
a build chamber comprising a build plate oriented in an x-y plane;
wherein the additive manufacturing printer constructs the component with planar slices added in a positive z-axis (zenith) direction relative to the build plate;
providing a metal feedstock to the additive manufacturing printer;
rendering a representation of the waveguide;
establishing an aligned build orientation for the waveguide relative to a coordinate system of a metal additive manufacturing printer such that at least one surface of the waveguide is substantially parallel to one of the x-, y-, or z-axes of the coordinate system of the metal additive manufacturing printer;
establishing a secondary build orientation for the waveguide by rotating the representation of the waveguide from the aligned build orientation by 45° relative to a secondary axis lying in the x-y plane;
establishing an optimized build orientation for the waveguide by rotating the representation of the waveguide from the secondary build orientation along an optimal axis also lying in the x-y plane such that an overhang angle of the waveguide is less than or equal to fifty-five degrees, wherein the optimal axis is perpendicular to the secondary axis, and wherein the overhang angle is defined between the z-axis of the coordinate system and a perpendicular line extending from any surface of the waveguide; and
electronically communicating the optimized build orientation to the additive manufacturing printer and causing the additive manufacturing printer to transform the metal feedstock into a physically printed metal waveguide by adding planar slices of the metal feedstock in the positive z-axis direction relative to the build plate and according to the optimized build orientation of the waveguide;
wherein the physically printed metal waveguide comprises at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the physically printed metal waveguide; and
wherein the metal additive manufacturing printer prints the at least one pair of substantially orthogonal surfaces located internally to the physically printed metal waveguide without aid of an internal support structure due to the metal additive manufacturing printer printing according to the optimized build orientation for the waveguide.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein establishing the optimized build orientation for the waveguide comprises optimally rotating the representation of the waveguide in a range from 1° to 35° around the optimal axis.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein establishing the optimized build orientation for the waveguide comprises optimally rotating the representation of the waveguide 35° around the optimal axis.