High solids tolerant invert emulsion fluids

1. An emulsifier comprising a maleated amido-amine reaction product produced by:

reacting (i) a fatty acid material comprising rosin acid at a concentration of about 11% to about 50% and (ii) an amine material to produce an amido-amine reaction product; and

reacting the amido-amine reaction product with maleic anhydride to produce the maleated-amido-amine reaction product.

2. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein at least one of:

the fatty acid material is present in an amount of about 55 wt. % to about 95 wt. % of the amido-amine reaction product;

the amine material is present in an amount of about 5 wt. % to about 45 wt. % of the amido-amine reaction product;

the maleic anhydride is present in an amount of about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the maleated amido-amine reaction product or the emulsifier; or

a combination thereof.

3. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the fatty acid material has at least one of:

an acid number ranging from about 143 to about 200 mg/g;

a fatty acid concentration of about 34% to about 89%;

a titer point of less than about 14° C.;

a PAN rosin acid concentration of less than or equal to about 50%;

heavies present in an amount of less than or equal to about 40% of the fatty acid material, wherein the heavies are fatty acids or rosin acids that have a boiling point higher than monomer fatty and rosin acids formed during a distillation process;

a Gardner color index in a range from about 4.0 to about 17.0, wherein the Gardner color index is determined with ASTM D6166—12 (2016); or

a combination thereof.

4. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the fatty acid material has an acid number ranging from about 155 to about 174 mg/g.

5. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the fatty acid material includes at least one of:

a side stream from the oil collected as the bottoms product during the production of low rosin (<5%) and low Gardner Color index (<7.0) tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) from refinery columns during the distillation of crude tall oil (CTO);

a mixture of the side stream and at least one of distilled tall oil, TOFA, rosin, or a combination thereof;

a product stream of the CTO refining process;

a mixture of TOFA and distilled tall oil;

a mixture of distilled tall oil and rosin;

a mixture of TOFA and rosin;

a disproportionated tall oil, a mixture of disproportionated tall oil and rosin, a mixture of disproportionated tall oil and TOFA, a mixture of disproportionated tall oil and distilled tall oil, or a combination thereof; or

a combination thereof.

6. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the amine material has an amine value of about 700 to about 1300 mg/g.

7. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the amine material is or includes a distillation residuum bottom composition of a reaction product of monoethanolamine and ammonia in which piperazine distillate product has been recovered.

8. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the amine material includes at least one of: diethylenetriamine (DETA), hydroxyethyldiethylenetriamine (HEDETA), 2-piperazinoethanol, triethylenetetramine (TETA), Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylene hexamine (PEHA) heptaethyleneoctamine (HEOA), hexaethyleneheptamine (HEHA)amine HST, amine DCT, aminoethylpiperazine (AEP), dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA), aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), monoethanolamine, or combinations thereof.

9. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the amine material has an amine value of about 700 to about 900 mg/g.

10. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the amido-amine reaction product includes at least one of bis-amidoamines, alkanolamides, di-ester alcohol amine, ester alcohol amine, di-ester amine, ester amido amines, amido amine alcohols, amides of the hydroxy piperazine, amide imidazoline, ester imidazoline, amine imidazoline, alkanol imidazoline or combinations thereof.

11. An invert emulsion fluid (IEF) comprising the emulsifier of claim 1 , and at least one of: a non-aqueous continuous phase, a discontinuous hygroscopic phase, an additive, or a combination thereof.

12. The IEF of claim 11 , further comprising about 4 to about 11% V/V of low gravity solids having a specific gravity of about 2.0 to about 3.0.

13. The IEF of claim 11 , wherein the IEF has a high temperature, high pressure fluid loss of about 1 to about 20 mL at 350° F.

14. The IEF of claim 11 , wherein the IEF has a lower rheology than an IEF comprising a maleated tall oil fatty acid amine emulsifier.

15. The IEF of claim 11 , wherein the IEF has at least one of:

a rheology that is about 10-about 92% lower that a similarly formulated IEF comprising a maleated tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) amine emulsifier as determined by taking readings from 600 rpm to 3 rpm at 150° F.;

a gel strength that is about 10 to about 92% lower than a similarly formulated IEF with a maleated TOFA amine emulsifier at 150° F.;

a yield stress (Tau0) that is less than a similarly formulated IEF with a maleated TOFA when measured at 150° F.; or

a combination thereof.

16. The IEF of claim 11 , wherein the IEF is used for gas drilling and/or oil drilling.

17. A drilling fluid comprising the IEF of claim 11 .

18. A method of drilling a well, the method comprising drilling a well bore and circulating the drilling fluid of claim 17 through said well bore when drilling the well bore.

19. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the rosin acid concentration is about 20% to about 35%.

20. The emulsifier of claim 1 , wherein the fatty acid material has a fatty acid concentration of about 50% to about 80%.

21. A method of making an emulsifier, the method comprising:

reacting (i) a fatty acid material comprising rosin acid at a concentration of about 11% to about 50% and (ii) an amine material to produce an amido-amine reaction product; and

reacting the amido-amine reaction product with maleic anhydride to produce a maleated amido-amine reaction product.