Integrated process for filtering constituents from a gas stream
The invention provides a process for producing a fermentable gas stream from a gas source that contains one or more constituent which may be harmful to the fermentation process. To produce the fermentable gas stream, the gas stream is passed through a specifically ordered series of removal modules. The removal modules remove and/or convert various constituents found in the gas stream which may have harmful effects on downstream removal modules and/or inhibitory effects on downstream gas fermenting microorganisms. At least a portion of the fermentable gas stream is preferably capable of being passed to a bioreactor, which contains gas fermenting microorganisms, without inhibiting the fermentation process.
1. A process for producing a fermentable gas stream from an input gas stream, the input gas stream comprising CO, CO 2 , or H 2 , or a combination thereof, the process comprising:
a. passing the input gas stream to a hydrolysis module, wherein at least one constituent of the gas stream is removed and/or converted to provide a post-hydrolysis gas stream;
b. passing the post-hydrolysis gas stream to an acid gas removal module, wherein at least one further constituent of the gas stream is removed and/or converted to produce an acid gas depleted stream;
c. passing the acid gas depleted stream to a catalytic hydrogenation module, wherein at least one constituent from the acid gas depleted stream is removed and/or converted to produce a catalytic hydrogenation module effluent; and
d. passing the catalytic hydrogenation module effluent to a deoxygenation module, wherein at least one further constituent is removed and/or converted to produce a fermentable gas stream.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein at least one constituent removed and/or converted is a microbe inhibitor and/or a catalyst inhibitor.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein at least one or more of the constituents removed and/or converted by the hydrolysis module is carbonyl sulfide (COS) and/or hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein at least one or more of the constituents removed and/or converted by the acid gas removal module is selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein at least one or more of the constituents removed and/or converted by the deoxygenation module is oxygen (O 2 ) and/or acetylene (C 2 H 2 ).
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the hydrolysis module is bypassed, in whole or in part, and the input gas stream is delivered to the acid gas removal module.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein at least one constituent removed and/or converted by the catalytic hydrogenation module is acetylene (C 2 H 2 ).
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process further comprises one or more monitoring devices, placed before and/or after each module, for measuring the level of constituents in the gas stream.
9. The process of claim 8 , wherein the process is capable of bypassing one or more module as a function of the level of one or more constituent in the gas stream.
10. The process of claim 8 , wherein the process includes passing the fermentable gas stream to a hydrogen cyanide removal module, prior to being passed to the bioreactor, for removing at least a portion of hydrogen cyanide from the fermentable gas stream.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the fermentable gas stream comprises no more than one hundred parts per million (100 ppm) oxygen (O 2 ), one part per million (1 ppm) hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and one part per million (1 ppm) acetylene (C 2 H 2 ).
12. The process of claim 1 , further comprising passing at least a portion of the fermentable gas stream to a bioreactor, wherein the bioreactor contains a culture comprising a fermentation broth and one or more microorganisms.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the input gas stream is a synthesis gas and/or a producer gas.
14. A process for removing oxygen, acetylene, and hydrogen cyanide from an input gas stream, comprising reducing the oxygen to less than 100 ppm, reducing the acetylene to less than 1 ppm, and reducing the hydrogen cyanide to less than 1 ppm, by contacting the input gas stream with a sulfided catalyst comprising copper supported on alumina, silica, titania, ceria, lanthana, carbon, silica-alumina, or zeolites.
15. The process of claim 14 , wherein the input gas stream comprises oxygen up to 7000 ppm, acetylene up to 700 ppm, and hydrogen cyanide up to 60 ppm.
16. The process of claim 14 , wherein the input gas stream comprises oxygen up to 10000 ppm, acetylene up to 1500 ppm, and hydrogen cyanide up to 500 ppm.
17. The process of claim 14 , wherein the process consumes less than 10 percent of the carbon monoxide in the input gas stream.
18. The process of claim 14 , wherein the process is carried out at a pressure of at least 138 kPag.
19. A process for producing a fermentable gas stream from an input gas stream, the input gas stream comprising CO, CO 2 , or H 2 , or a combination thereof, the process comprising:
a. passing the input gas stream to an acid gas removal module, wherein at least one constituent of the gas stream is removed and/or converted to produce an acid gas depleted stream;
b. passing the acid gas depleted stream to a catalytic hydrogenation module wherein at least one constituent from the acid gas depleted stream is removed and/or converted; and
c. passing the acid gas depleted stream to a deoxygenation module, wherein at least one further constituent is removed and/or converted to produce a fermentable gas stream.
20. The process of claim 19 further comprising passing a portion of the input gas stream to a hydrolysis module prior to passing to the acid gas removal module, wherein at least one constituent of the input gas stream is removed and/or converted to provide a post-hydrolysis gas stream, and passing the post-hydrolysis gas stream to the acid gas removal module.
21. The process of claim 20 wherein at least one or more of the constituents removed and/or converted by the hydrolysis module is carbonyl sulfide (COS) and/or hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
22. The process of claim 19 , wherein at least one constituent removed and/or converted is a microbe inhibitor and/or a catalyst inhibitor.
23. The process of claim 19 , wherein at least one or more of the constituents removed and/or converted by the acid gas removal module is selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and or at least one or more of the constituents removed and/or converted by the deoxygenation module is oxygen (O 2 ) and/or acetylene (C 2 H 2 ).
24. The process of claim 19 , wherein at least one constituent removed and/or converted by the catalytic hydrogenation module is acetylene (C 2 H 2 ).
25. The process of claim 19 , wherein the process further includes passing the fermentable gas stream to a hydrogen cyanide removal module, prior to being passed to the bioreactor, for removing at least a portion of hydrogen cyanide from the fermentable gas stream.
26. The process of claim 19 , wherein the fermentable gas stream comprises no more than one hundred parts per million (100 ppm) oxygen (O 2 ), one part per million (1 ppm) hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and one part per million (1 ppm) acetylene (C 2 H 2 ).
27. The process of claim 19 , further comprising passing at least a portion of the fermentable gas stream to a bioreactor, wherein the bioreactor contains a culture comprising a fermentation broth and one or more microorganisms.
28. The process of claim 19 , wherein at least a portion of the input gas stream is a synthesis gas and/or a producer gas.