DC voltage brownout protection for parallel-connected fuel-cell power plants in islanded mode
An illustrative example fuel cell power plant includes a cell stack assembly, a single stage convertor configured to couple the cell stack assembly to a power network, and a controller that is configured to determine whether the fuel cell power plant has a DC voltage brownout condition during an islanded mode of operation. The controller dynamically adjusts the frequency droop gain of the power plant using an offset while satisfying at least three criteria of a set of criteria consisting of (i) avoiding overloading other fuel cell power plants of the power network, (ii) avoiding exceeding a maximum load step-up capability of the power network, (iii) avoiding exceeding a maximum load step-up capability of the fuel cell power plant, (iv) maintaining a system frequency within an acceptable frequency range, and (v) avoiding repeating the DC voltage brownout condition.
1. A fuel cell power plant, comprising:
a cell stack assembly including a plurality of fuel cells;
a single stage converter configured to couple the cell stack assembly to a power network; and
a controller configured to
determine whether the fuel cell power plant has a DC voltage brownout condition, and
adjust a frequency droop gain of the fuel cell power plant to change a power output from the fuel cell power plant during the DC voltage brownout condition while satisfying at least three criteria of a set of criteria consisting of
(i) avoiding overloading other fuel cell power plants of the power network,
(ii) remaining below a maximum load step-up capability of the power network,
(iii) remaining below a maximum load step-up capability of the fuel cell power plant,
(iv) maintaining a power frequency within an acceptable frequency range, and
(v) avoiding repeating the DC voltage brownout condition.
2. The fuel cell power plant of claim 1 , wherein the at least three criteria are the criteria (i), (ii) and (iv).
3. The fuel cell power plant of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to adjust the frequency droop gain while satisfying at least four criteria of the set of criteria.
4. The fuel cell power plant of claim 3 , wherein the at least four criteria include the criteria (i), (ii) and (iv) and at least one of the criteria (iii) or (v).
5. The fuel cell power plant of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to adjust the frequency droop gain while satisfying all five of the criteria.
6. A method of controlling a power output of a fuel cell power plant including a cell stack assembly and a single stage converter configured to couple the cell stack assembly to a power network, the method comprising:
determining whether the fuel cell power plant has a DC voltage brownout condition, and
adjusting a frequency droop gain of the fuel cell power plant to change the power output from the fuel cell power plant during the DC voltage brownout condition while satisfying at least three criteria of a set of criteria consisting of
(i) avoiding overloading other fuel cell power plants of the power network,
(ii) remaining below a maximum load step-up capability of the power network,
(iii) remaining below a maximum load step-up capability of the fuel cell power plant,
(iv) maintaining a power frequency within an acceptable frequency range, and
(v) avoiding repeating the DC voltage brownout condition.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the at least three criteria are the criteria (i), (ii) and (iv).
8. The method of claim 6 , comprising adjusting the frequency droop gain while satisfying at least four criteria of the set of criteria.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the at least four criteria include the criteria (i), (ii) and (iv) and at least one of the criteria (iii) or (v).
10. The method of claim 6 , comprising adjusting the frequency droop gain while satisfying all five of the criteria.
11. A power supply system, comprising:
a plurality of fuel cell power plants in parallel to each other, the fuel cell power plants collectively providing a power output required by a load;
a plurality of single phase converters that are each associated with a respective one of the fuel cell power plants, the single phase converters being configured to couple the respective fuel cell power plant to at least one power distribution line; and
a plurality of controllers that are each associated with a respective one of the fuel cell power plants, each controller being configured to
determine whether the respective fuel cell power plant has a DC voltage brownout condition; and
adjust a frequency droop gain of the respective fuel cell power plant to change a portion of the power output required from the respective fuel cell power plant during the DC voltage brownout condition while satisfying at least three criteria of a set of criteria consisting of
(i) avoiding overloading others of the plurality of fuel cell power plants,
(ii) remaining below a maximum load step-up capability of the power supply system,
(iii) remaining below a maximum load step-up capability of the respective fuel cell power plant,
(iv) maintaining a power frequency within an acceptable frequency range, and
(v) avoiding repeating the DC voltage brownout condition.
12. The power supply system of claim 11 , wherein the at least three criteria are the criteria (i), (ii) and (iv).
13. The power supply system of claim 11 , wherein the controller is configured to adjust the frequency droop gain while satisfying at least four criteria of the set of criteria.
14. The power supply system of claim 13 , wherein the at least four criteria include the criteria (i), (ii) and (iv) and at least one of the criteria (iii) or (v).
15. The power supply system of claim 11 , wherein the controller is configured to adjust the frequency droop gain while satisfying all five of the criteria.