Reflective display including a lightguide, light redirecting optical element, and cladding layer
A display includes a reflective spatial light modulator; a lightguide having a core layer, at least a first cladding layer, and a light emitting region with a plurality of light extraction features arranged in a pattern that varies spatially in the light emitting region such that light exits the core layer in the light emitting region; a light source positioned to emit light into the core layer; a light redirecting optical element optically coupled to the second side of the first cladding layer including a plurality of light redirecting features directing light exiting the core layer toward the reflective spatial light modulator. The largest dimension of the light emitting region divided by the average thickness of the core layer in the light emitting region is greater than 100.
1. A display comprising:
a. a reflective spatial light modulator having a reflective surface;
b. a lightguide comprising:
i) a core layer having opposing surfaces with a thickness not greater than 0.5 millimeters therebetween wherein light propagates by total internal reflection between the opposing surfaces;
ii) a first cladding layer having a first side optically coupled to the core layer and an opposing second side; and
iii) a light emitting region comprising a plurality of light extraction features arranged in a pattern that varies spatially in the light emitting region;
c. a light source positioned to emit light that propagates into the core layer, totally internally reflects within the core layer, and is extracted from the core layer by the plurality of light extraction features such that the light exits the core layer in the light emitting region into the first cladding layer;
d. a light redirecting optical element optically coupled to the second side of the first cladding layer, the light redirecting optical element comprising a plurality of light redirecting features directing the light extracted from the core layer by the plurality of light extraction features toward the reflective spatial light modulator, the plurality of light redirecting features occupying less than 50% of a surface of the light redirecting optical element in the light emitting region, wherein the core layer has an average thickness in the light emitting region, the light emitting region has a largest dimension in a plane of the light emitting region orthogonal to a thickness direction of the core layer, and the largest dimension of the light emitting region divided by the average thickness of the core layer in the light emitting region is greater than 100.
2. The display of claim 1 wherein the core layer of the lightguide further comprises a light mixing region positioned to receive light from the light source prior to the light entering the light emitting region, and a ratio of an average thickness of a region defined by a plurality of interfaces defining total internal reflection of the light propagating from a first end to an opposite second end of the light emitting region to an average thickness of the light mixing region is greater than 1.
3. The display of claim 1 wherein the lightguide further comprises a second cladding layer having a first surface optically coupled to the core layer on a side of the core layer opposite the first cladding layer and at least one of the first cladding layer and the second cladding layer comprises an adhesive.
4. The display of claim 1 wherein an effective thickness of the lightguide bounded by a plurality of total internal reflection interfaces is increased for totally internally reflected light within the core layer that is extracted by the plurality of light extraction features such that the extracted light passes through the first cladding layer and totally internally reflects at a first total internal reflection interface of the plurality of total internal reflection interfaces.
5. The display of claim 4 wherein the first total internal reflection interface includes the surface of the light redirecting optical element.
6. The display of claim 5 wherein an area of the surface of the light redirecting optical element between the plurality of light redirecting features is substantially planar.
7. The display of claim 5 wherein each of the plurality of light extraction features is a low angle directing feature that redirects light at a first angle of incidence to a second angle with an average total deviation less than 6 degrees.
8. The display of claim 5 wherein each of the plurality of light extraction features is a low angle directing feature that redirects light at a first angle of incidence to a second angle with an average total deviation less than 3 degrees.
9. The display of claim 5 wherein the extracted light totally internally reflected at the surface of the light redirecting optical element totally internally reflects at a second total internal reflection interface between the core layer and a second cladding layer of the lightguide.
10. The display of claim 9 wherein a portion of the extracted light that reflects at the second total internal reflection interface between the core layer and the second cladding layer is subsequently redirected by a first light redirecting feature of the plurality of light redirecting features toward the reflective spatial light modulator.
11. The display of claim 9 wherein the first cladding layer has a first refractive index, the second cladding layer has a second refractive index less than the first refractive index, and the core layer has a core refractive index greater than the first refractive index and the second refractive index.
12. The display of claim 11 wherein each of the plurality of light extraction features is a low angle directing feature that redirects light at a first angle of incidence to a second angle with an average total deviation less than an angular difference between a first critical angle and a second critical angle, the first critical angle defined by the first refractive index and the core refractive index and the second critical angle defined by the second refractive index and the core refractive index.
13. The display of claim 11 wherein each of the plurality of light extraction features is a low angle directing feature that redirects light at a first angle of incidence to a second angle with an average total deviation less than 110% of an angular difference between a first critical angle and a second critical angle, the first critical angle defined by the first refractive index and the core refractive index and the second critical angle defined by the second refractive index and the core refractive index.
14. A display comprising:
a reflective spatial light modulator having a reflective surface;
a first lightguide including a core layer having opposing surfaces with a thickness not greater than 0.5 millimeters therebetween and a light emitting region, the first lightguide defined by the opposing surfaces of the core layer guiding light by total internal reflection;
a first cladding layer having a first side optically coupled to the core layer and a second side opposing the first side;
a light source positioned to emit light that propagates into the core layer and totally internally reflects within the core layer;
a plurality of light extraction features arranged within the light emitting region in a pattern that varies spatially in the light emitting region, the plurality of light extraction features frustrate light from the light source that totally internally reflects within the core layer such that light exits the core layer in the light emitting region into the first cladding layer;
a light redirecting optical element optically coupled to the second side of the first cladding layer, the light redirecting optical element comprising a plurality of light redirecting features directing a first portion of the frustrated totally internally reflected light from the plurality of light extraction features that propagates into the first cladding layer toward the reflective spatial light modulator; and
a second lightguide including the core layer, the second lightguide defined by a second portion of the totally internally reflected light frustrated by the plurality of light extracting features propagating by total internal reflection between a surface of the first lightguide and an area of a surface of the light redirecting optical element between the plurality of light redirecting features, wherein the plurality of light redirecting features occupies less than 50% of the surface of the light redirecting optical element.
15. The display of claim 14 wherein the plurality of light redirecting features occupies less than 30% of the surface of the light redirecting optical element.
16. The display of claim 14 wherein the core layer is positioned between the light redirecting optical element and the reflective spatial light modulator.
17. The display of claim 14 wherein each of the plurality of light extraction features is a low angle directing feature that redirects light at a first angle of incidence to a second angle with an average total deviation less than 3 degrees.
18. The display of claim 14 wherein the core layer has an average thickness in the light emitting region, the light emitting region has a largest dimension in a plane of the light emitting region orthogonal to a thickness direction of the core layer, and the largest dimension of the light emitting region divided by the average thickness of the core layer in the light emitting region is greater than 100.
19. The display of claim 14 further comprising a second cladding layer positioned between the core layer and the reflective spatial light modulator, wherein the first cladding layer has a first refractive index, the second cladding layer has a second refractive index less than the first refractive index, and the core layer has a core refractive index greater than the first refractive index and the second refractive index.
20. The display of claim 19 wherein each of the plurality of light extraction features is a low angle directing feature that redirects light at a first angle of incidence to a second angle with an average total deviation less than an angular difference between a first critical angle and a second critical angle, the first critical angle defined by the first refractive index and the core refractive index and the second critical angle defined by the second refractive index and the core refractive index.
21. The display of claim 19 wherein each of the plurality of light extraction features is a low angle directing feature that redirects light at a first angle of incidence to a second angle with an average total deviation less than 110% of an angular difference between a first critical angle and a second critical angle, the first critical angle defined by the first refractive index and the core refractive index and the second critical angle defined by the second refractive index and the core refractive index.
22. A display comprising:
a reflective spatial light modulator having a reflective surface;
a first lightguide comprising a core layer having opposing surfaces with a thickness not greater than 0.5 millimeters therebetween and a light emitting region, the first lightguide defined by the opposing surfaces guiding light by total internal reflection;
a light source emitting light that propagates into the core layer and totally internally reflects within the core layer;
a first cladding layer having a first side optically coupled to the core layer and a second side opposing the first side;
a plurality of light extraction features arranged within the light emitting region in a pattern that varies spatially in the light emitting region, the plurality of light extraction features frustrate the totally internally reflected light from the light source propagating in the first lightguide between the opposing surfaces of the core layer such that light exits the core layer in the light emitting region into the first cladding layer;
a light redirecting optical element optically coupled to the second side of the first cladding layer, the light redirecting optical element comprising a plurality of light redirecting features directing a first portion of the frustrated totally internally reflected light from the plurality of light extraction features that propagates into the first cladding layer back through the first cladding layer and the core layer to the reflective spatial light modulator; and
a second lightguide including the core layer, the second lightguide defined by a portion of the totally internally reflected light frustrated by the plurality of light extracting features propagating by total internal reflection between a surface of the first lightguide and an area of a surface of the light redirecting optical element,
wherein the plurality of light redirecting features occupies less than 50% of the surface of the light redirecting optical element.
23. The display of claim 22 wherein the core layer has an average thickness in the light emitting region, the light emitting region has a largest dimension in a plane of the light emitting region, and the largest dimension of the light emitting region divided by the average thickness of the core layer in the light emitting region is greater than 100.
24. The display of claim 22 further comprising a second cladding layer positioned between the core layer and the reflective spatial light modulator, wherein the first cladding layer has a first refractive index, the second cladding layer has a second refractive index less than the first refractive index, and the core layer has a core refractive index greater than the first refractive index and the second refractive index.
25. The display of claim 22 wherein each of the plurality of light extraction features is a low angle directing feature that redirects light at a first angle of incidence to a second angle with an average total deviation less than 6 degrees.