Printed and/or thin film integrated circuit with integrated antenna, and methods of making and using the same

1. A wireless communication device, comprising:

a) a substrate;

b) an integrated circuit (IC) comprising a plurality of printed and/or thin film layers or structures mounted on the substrate, the plurality of printed and/or thin film layers or structures including an uppermost layer of metal;

c) a dielectric or insulator layer in at least one area of the substrate other than the IC; and

d) an antenna on the dielectric or insulator layer, comprising one or more metal traces, and having (i) an inner terminal continuous with said uppermost layer of metal or connected to said uppermost layer of metal through one or more contacts, and (ii) an outer terminal connected to said uppermost layer of metal through one or more contacts and optionally a metal bridge or strap.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein said antenna has a two-dimensional or planar spiral or coil structure.

3. The device of claim 2 , further comprising a ferrite layer between the antenna and the substrate, the ferrite layer being configured to reduce adverse electromagnetic effects of the substrate on the antenna.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein said IC further comprises one or more pads, configured to receive an incoming signal from the antenna and transmit an outgoing signal to the antenna by capacitive or magnetic coupling.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein said antenna has a three-dimensional spiral or coil structure having a rotational axis parallel to the substrate.

6. The device of claim 5 , wherein said antenna comprises (i) a first plurality of traces in a lower metal layer, (ii) a second plurality of traces in an upper metal layer, and (iii) a plurality of contacts, wherein each of the plurality of contacts uniquely connects one of the first plurality of traces and one of the second plurality of traces.

7. The device of claim 6 , wherein said antenna further comprises a second dielectric or insulator layer between the lower metal layer and the upper metal layer.

8. The device of claim 7 , wherein each of the first plurality of traces and the second plurality of traces is linear or substantially linear, the second plurality of traces is offset from the first plurality of traces, and the antenna further comprises a plurality of offset segments, each configured to connect an end of one of the first and second plurality of traces to a corresponding one of the contacts.

9. The device of claim 1 , wherein said antenna has a three-dimensional spiral or coil structure having a rotational axis of the spiral perpendicular to the substrate.

10. The device of claim 9 , wherein said antenna comprises (i) a plurality of metal layers, (ii) a plurality of insulator layers, each of which is between adjacent ones of the plurality of metal layers, and (iii) a contact in each of the plurality of insulator layers, each contact being configured to connect adjacent ones of the plurality of metal layers.

11. The device of claim 10 , wherein each of said plurality of metal layers comprises a trace having a substantially closed geometric shape.

12. The device of claim 11 , wherein said antenna comprises a plurality of offset segments, each configured to connect an end of one of the traces to a corresponding one of the contacts.

13. The device of claim 1 , wherein said antenna comprises a two-dimensional spiral or coil structure, the metal bridge or strap connecting the outer terminal to said uppermost layer of metal, a first contact directly or indirectly connecting one of the inner and outer terminals and the metal bridge, and a second contact directly or indirectly connecting the metal bridge and the uppermost layer of metal.

14. The device of claim 13 , wherein said substrate is patterned to match a pattern of the antenna.

15. The device of claim 13 , wherein said substrate includes one or more slits therein, configured to induce controlled eddy currents in the substrate and/or reduce or negate adverse electromagnetic effects of the substrate.

16. The device of claim 1 , wherein said substrate comprises a two-dimensional array of metal elements.

17. The device of claim 16 , wherein said two-dimensional array of metal elements comprises a plurality of rows of said metal elements and a plurality of columns of said metal elements.

18. The device of claim 16 , wherein said each of said metal elements has a regular geometric shape.

19. The device of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a center opening.

20. A method of making a wireless communication device, comprising:

a) forming an integrated circuit (IC) comprising a plurality of printed and/or thin film layers or structures on a substrate, the plurality of printed and/or thin film layers or structures including an uppermost layer of metal;

b) forming a dielectric or insulator layer in at least one area of the substrate other than the IC; and

c) forming an antenna on the dielectric or insulator layer, comprising one or more metal traces, and having (i) an inner terminal continuous with said uppermost layer of metal or connected to said uppermost layer of metal through one or more contacts, and (ii) an outer terminal connected to said uppermost layer of metal through one or more contacts and optionally a metal bridge or strap, wherein at least one of the metal traces has a composition and a thickness identical or substantially identical to the uppermost layer of metal.