Pumped thermal storage cycles with working fluid management
The present disclosure provides pumped thermal energy storage systems that can be used to store electrical energy. A pumped thermal energy storage system of the present disclosure can store energy by operating as a heat pump or refrigerator, whereby net work input can be used to transfer heat from the cold side to the hot side. A working fluid of the system is capable of efficient heat exchange with heat storage fluids on a hot side of the system and on a cold side of the system. The system can extract energy by operating as a heat engine transferring heat from the hot side to the cold side, which can result in net work output. Systems of the present disclosure can employ solar heating for improved storage efficiency.
1. A system operable in a heat engine mode and a heat pump mode, the system comprising:
a compressor;
a hot side heat exchanger;
a turbine;
a cold side heat exchanger;
a working fluid;
a closed cycle fluid path configured to circulate the working fluid through, in sequence and in the same direction, the compressor, the hot side heat exchanger, the turbine, and the cold side heat exchanger in both the heat engine and heat pump modes, wherein the closed cycle fluid path comprises a high pressure leg and a low pressure leg; and
a pressure tank, wherein the pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the high pressure leg over a first fluid connection adjacent to an inlet of the turbine, and wherein the pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the low pressure leg over a second fluid connection adjacent to an outlet of the turbine, wherein the pressure tank is configured for use in removing a quantity of the working fluid from the closed cycle fluid path by opening the fluid connection, such that pressure of the working fluid in the high pressure leg decreases and pressure of the working fluid in the pressure tank increases.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the pressure tank is configured to contain working fluid at a pressure intermediate to respective pressures of the high pressure leg and the low pressure leg.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the first fluid connection or the second fluid connection contains a valve for controlling an amount of working fluid in the pressure tank.
4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
a cold thermal storage (“CTS”) medium;
a hot thermal storage (“HTS”) medium,
wherein the working fluid exchanges heat with the HTS medium in the hot side heat exchanger, and
wherein the working fluid exchanges heat with the CTS medium in the cold side heat exchanger.
5. A system operable in a heat engine mode and a heat pump mode, the system comprising:
a compressor;
a hot side heat exchanger;
a turbine;
a cold side heat exchanger;
a working fluid;
a closed cycle fluid path configured to circulate the working fluid through, in sequence and in the same direction, the compressor, the hot side heat exchanger, the turbine, and the cold side heat exchanger in both the heat engine and heat pump modes, wherein the closed cycle fluid path comprises a high pressure leg and a low pressure leg; and
a pressure tank, wherein the pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the low pressure leg over a first fluid connection adjacent to an inlet of the compressor, and wherein the pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the high pressure leg over a second fluid connection adjacent to an outlet of the compressor, wherein the pressure tank is configured for use in adding a quantity of the working fluid to the closed cycle fluid path by opening the fluid connection, such that pressure of the working fluid in the low pressure leg increases and pressure of the working fluid in the pressure tank decreases.
6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the pressure tank is configured to contain working fluid at a pressure intermediate to respective pressures of the high pressure leg and the low pressure leg.
7. The system of claim 5 , wherein one or more of the first fluid connection or the second fluid connection contains a valve for controlling an amount of working fluid in the pressure tank.
8. The system of claim 5 , further comprising:
a cold thermal storage (“CTS”) medium;
a hot thermal storage (“HTS”) medium,
wherein the working fluid exchanges heat with the HTS medium in the hot side heat exchanger, and
wherein the working fluid exchanges heat with the CTS medium in the cold side heat exchanger.
9. A method of controlling a system operable in a heat engine mode and a heat pump mode, the method comprising:
in a closed cycle fluid path of a pumped thermal system, circulating a working fluid through the closed cycle fluid path including, in sequence in sequence and in the same direction, a compressor, a hot side heat exchanger, a turbine, and a cold side heat exchanger in both the heat engine and heat pump modes, wherein the closed cycle fluid path comprises a high pressure leg and a low pressure leg; and
removing a quantity of the working fluid from the closed cycle fluid path by opening a first fluid connection between the high pressure leg and a pressure tank, such that pressure of the working fluid in the high pressure leg decreases and pressure of the working fluid in the pressure tank increases,
wherein the pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the high pressure leg over the first fluid connection adjacent to an inlet of the turbine, and wherein the pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the low pressure leg over a second fluid connection adjacent to an outlet of the turbine.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the pressure tank is configured to contain working fluid at a pressure intermediate to respective pressures of the high pressure leg and the low pressure leg.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein one or more of the first fluid connection or the second fluid connection contains a valve for controlling an amount of working fluid in the pressure tank.
12. A method comprising:
in a closed cycle fluid path of a pumped thermal system operable in a heat engine mode and a heat pump mode, circulating a working fluid through the closed cycle fluid path including, in sequence and in the same direction, a compressor, a hot side heat exchanger, a turbine, and a cold side heat exchanger, wherein the closed cycle fluid path comprises a high pressure leg and a low pressure leg in both the heat engine and heat pump modes; and
adding a quantity of the working fluid to the closed cycle fluid path by opening a first fluid connection between the low pressure leg and a pressure tank, such that pressure of the working fluid in the low pressure leg increases and pressure of the working fluid in the pressure tank decreases,
wherein the pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the low pressure leg over the first fluid connection adjacent to an inlet of the compressor, and wherein the pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the high pressure leg over a second fluid connection adjacent to an outlet of the compressor.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the pressure tank is configured to contain working fluid at a pressure intermediate to respective pressures of the high pressure leg and the low pressure leg.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein one or more of the first fluid connection or the second fluid connection contains a valve for controlling an amount of working fluid in the pressure tank.
15. A system operable in a heat engine mode and a heat pump mode, the system comprising:
at least one compressor;
at least one hot side heat exchanger;
at least one turbine;
at least one cold side heat exchanger;
a working fluid;
a closed cycle fluid path configured to circulate the working fluid through, in sequence and in the same direction, the at least one compressor, the at least one hot side heat exchanger, the at least one turbine, and the at least one cold side heat exchanger in both the heat engine and heat pump modes, wherein the closed cycle fluid path comprises a high pressure leg and a low pressure leg; and
at least one pressure tank, wherein the at least one pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the high pressure leg over a first fluid connection, and wherein the at least one pressure tank is in fluid communication with the working fluid on the low pressure leg over a second fluid connection, wherein the at least one pressure tank is configured for use in either or both of adding and removing a quantity of the working fluid from the closed cycle fluid path by opening the fluid connection, such that pressure of the working fluid in the high pressure leg increases or decreases, correspondingly, and pressure of the working fluid in the at least one pressure tank increases or decreases, correspondingly.
16. The system of claim 15 , wherein the at least one pressure tank is configured to contain the working fluid at a pressure intermediate to respective pressures of the high pressure leg and the low pressure leg.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein one or more of the first fluid connection or the second fluid connection contains a valve for controlling an amount of the working fluid in the pressure tank.
18. The system of claim 15 , further comprising:
a cold thermal storage (“CTS”) medium;
a hot thermal storage (“HTS”) medium,
wherein the working fluid exchanges heat with the HTS medium in the at least one hot side heat exchanger, and
wherein the working fluid exchanges heat with the CTS medium in the at least one cold side heat exchanger.