Engineered skin equivalent, method of manufacture thereof and products derived therefrom

1. A method comprising: tanning at least a portion of an artificial dermal layer comprising a hair follicle cell, wherein said tanning comprises a vegetable tanning, a chrome tanning, an aldehyde tanning, syntan, or a bacterial dyeing, and wherein said artificial dermal layer comprises a fibroblast differentiated from a stem cell.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said stem cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said stem cell is an embryonic stem cell.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said stem cell is a totipotent stem cell.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises a pigment.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said fibroblast expresses CD10, CD73, CD44, CD90, type I collagen, type III collagen, prolyl-4-hydroxylase beta, or a combination thereof.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said artificial dermal layer comprises collagen.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein said artificial dermal layer is subjected to a process selected from a group consisting of preserving, soaking, bating, pickling, depickling, thinning, retanning, lubricating, crusting, wetting, sammying, shaving, rechroming, neutralizing, dyeing, fatliquoring, filling, stripping, stuffing, whitening, fixating, setting, drying, conditioning, milling, staking, buffing, finishing, oiling, brushing, padding, impregnating, spraying, roller coating, curtain coating, polishing, plating, embossing, ironing, glazing, tumbling and any combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 7 , wherein said collagen is produced at least in part by a collagen producing cell, is separately added, or any combination thereof.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said collagen producing cell comprises an epithelial cell, a fibroblast, a comeocyte, a Langerhans cell, a basal cell, or a combination thereof.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said collagen producing cell comprises said epithelial cell wherein said epithelial cell comprises a squamous cell, a cuboidal cell, a columnar cell, a basal cell, or a combination thereof.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises one or more of keratin, elastin, gelatin, proteoglycan, dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, glycosoaminoglycan, fibronectin, laminin, dermatopontin, lipid, fatty acid, carbohydrate, or a combination thereof.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein a thickness of said artificial dermal layer ranges from about 0.02 mm to about 5 mm.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises a hair follicle.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises fur.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein said artificial dermal layer is cultured using a scaffold prior to said tanning.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein said scaffold comprises silk.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein said scaffold comprises polyester.

19. An artificial dermal layer that comprises a hair follicle cell, wherein said artificial dermal layer comprises a fibroblast differentiated from a stem cell.

20. The artificial dermal layer of claim 19 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises a hair follicle.

21. The artificial dermal layer of claim 19 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises fur.

22. The artificial dermal layer of claim 19 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises an odorant or a preservative.

23. The artificial dermal layer of claim 19 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises collagen.

24. The artificial dermal layer of claim 19 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises a pattern designed to mimic a skin pattern of an animal.

25. The artificial dermal layer of claim 19 , wherein said artificial dermal layer is tanned.

26. The artificial dermal layer of claim 19 , wherein said artificial dermal layer is subjected to a process selected from a group consisting of preserving, soaking, bating, pickling, depickling, thinning, retanning, lubricating, crusting, wetting, sammying, shaving, rechroming, neutralizing, dyeing, fatliquoring, filling, stripping, stuffing, whitening, fixating, setting, drying, conditioning, milling, staking, buffing, finishing, oiling, brushing, padding, impregnating, spraying, roller coating, curtain coating, polishing, plating, embossing, ironing, glazing, tumbling and any combination thereof.

27. The method of claim 1 , wherein an artificial epidermal layer is atop said artificial dermal layer.

28. The method of claim 16 , wherein said scaffold comprises collagen, cellulose, cotton, acetate, acrylic, latex, linen, nylon, rayon, velvet, modacrylic, saran, vinyon, wool, jute, hemp, bamboo, flax, alginate, fibronectin, poly-p-phenyleneterephthalamide, polyethylene, polypropylene, carrageenan, agarose, fibrin, glass, silica, aramid, carbon, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, chitosan, polyurethane, poly(urethane-urea), polyethylene phthalate, chitin, elastin, keratin, polyhydroxyalkanoate, dextran, pullane, polyhyaluronic acid, poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate), poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), poly(3-hydroxyfatty acid), poly(caprolactone), poly(para-dioxanone), laminin, zein, casein, gelatin, gluten, albumen, poly L-lactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), or any combination thereof.

29. The method of claim 1 , wherein said artificial dermal layer further comprises a keratinocyte, an endothelial cell, or an adipocyte.