Dual energy storage system and starter battery module
The present disclosure relates to a dual energy storage system that includes a lithium ion battery electrically coupled in parallel with a lead acid battery, where the lithium ion battery and the lead-acid battery are electrically coupled to a vehicle bus, where the lithium ion battery open circuit voltage (OCV) partially matches the lead-acid battery OCV such that the lead-acid battery OCV at 100% of the lead-acid battery state of charge (SOC) is about equal to the lithium ion battery OCV at 50% of the lithium ion battery SOC.
1. A dual energy storage system, comprising:
a lithium ion battery configured to be electrically coupled in parallel with a lead acid battery, wherein the lithium ion battery and the lead-acid battery are configured to be electrically coupled to a vehicle bus; and
wherein the lithium ion battery open circuit voltage (OCV) partially matches the lead-acid battery OCV such that the lead-acid battery OCV at 100% of the lead-acid battery state of charge (SOC) and the lithium ion battery OCV at 50% of the lithium ion battery SOC are approximately 12.9V.
2. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery has a voltage profile with a slope that is sufficiently larger than a degree of voltage measurement uncertainty associated with measurement electronics of the lithium ion battery to thereby enable robust SOC estimation of the lithium ion battery SOC.
3. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery has five lithium ion battery cells each having a nominal voltage of about 3.26V.
4. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery has four lithium ion battery cells each having a nominal voltage of about 2.6V.
5. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery has a plurality of lithium ion battery cells, wherein each lithium ion battery cell of the plurality of lithium ion battery cells has a cathode formed from one or more cathode active materials selected from the group consisting of: LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 , where x+y+z=1; LiNi x Co y Al z O 2 , where x+y+z=1; LiCoO 2 ; LiMn 2 O 4 ; LiNiMnO 4 , LiM x Mn 2-x O 4 ; where x may be between 0.35 and 0.65 and M is nickel, chromium, or iron; LiMPO 4 , wherein M is Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ti, Sn, Zr, V, Al, and mixtures thereof (such as LiNiPO 4 ; LiCoPO 4 ; LiNiMnPO 4 ; LiFePO 4 ; and LiMnFePO 4 ).
6. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery and the lead-acid battery are electrically coupled to the vehicle bus.
7. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery has five lithium ion battery cells.
8. The dual energy storage system of claim 7 , wherein each of the five lithium ion battery cells has a voltage profile with an average slope of approximately 0.0045 V/SOC (%).
9. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery has four lithium ion battery cells.
10. The dual energy storage system of claim 9 , wherein each of the four lithium ion battery cells has a voltage profile with an average slope of approximately 0.0056 V/SOC (%).
11. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery has six lithium ion battery cells.
12. A system, comprising:
a lithium ion battery;
a lead acid battery electrically coupled in parallel with the lithium ion battery; and
a vehicle comprising a vehicle bus establishing an electrical pathway between the lithium ion battery, the lead acid battery, and the vehicle; and
wherein the lithium ion battery open circuit voltage (OCV) partially matches the lead-acid battery OCV such that the lead-acid battery OCV at 100% of the lead-acid battery state of charge (SOC) and the lithium ion battery OCV at 50% of the lithium ion battery SOC are approximately 12.9V.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the lithium ion battery cell has a lithium ion battery cell with a nominal voltage of about 2.6 V or a nominal voltage of about 3.26 V.
14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the lithium ion battery has five lithium ion battery cells each having a voltage profile with an average slope of approximately 0.0045 V/SOC (%).
15. The system of claim 12 , wherein the lithium ion battery has four lithium ion battery cells each having a voltage profile with an average slope of approximately 0.0056 V/SOC (%).
16. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein approximately 12.9 V is within 1% of 12.9 V.
17. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein approximately 12.9 V is within about 150 mV.
18. The dual energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the lithium ion battery OCV partially matches the lead-acid battery OCV such that the lead-acid battery OCV at 80% of the lead-acid battery SOC and the lithium ion battery OCV at 20% of the lithium ion battery SOC are approximately the same.
19. The dual energy storage system of claim 18 , wherein the lead-acid battery OCV at 80% of the lead-acid battery SOC and the lithium ion battery OCV at 50% of the lithium ion battery SOC are approximately 12.6V.
20. The dual energy storage system of claim 18 , wherein the lithium ion battery has a voltage profile with a slope that is sufficiently larger than a degree of voltage measurement uncertainty associated with measurement electronics of the lithium ion battery to thereby enable robust SOC estimation of the lithium ion battery SOC.
21. The dual energy storage system of claim 20 , wherein the lithium ion battery has a plurality of lithium ion battery cells, wherein each lithium ion battery cell of the plurality of lithium ion battery cells has a cathode formed from one or more cathode active materials selected from the group consisting of: LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 , where x+y+z=1; LiNi x Co y Al z O 2 , where x+y+z=1; LiCoO 2 ; LiMn 2 O 4 ; LiNiMnO 4 , LiM x Mn 2-x O 4 ; where x may be between 0.35 and 0.65 and M is nickel, chromium, or iron; LiMPO 4 , wherein M is Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ti, Sn, Zr, V, Al, and mixtures thereof (such as LiNiPO 4 ; LiCoPO 4 ; LiNiMnPO 4 ; LiFePO 4 ; and LiMnFePO 4 ).