Methods of nanomanufacturing at fluid interfaces and systems for same
Methods of nanomanufacturing based on continuous additive nanomanufacturing at fluid interfaces (CANFI). This approach is a fabrication technique that involves, for example, photocuring or “printing” self-assembled layers. CANFI presents a fabrication capability with significant transformative potential improve (i) the spatial resolution, (ii) the speed, and (iii) the range of material compositions that can be printed. Various articles of manufacture can be made using the methods.
1. A method of forming an article of manufacture comprising:
providing a liquid precursor material layer having a thickness of 1 nm to 1 mm, wherein the liquid precursor material layer comprises a precursor material, disposed on a non-curable, fluid support material layer or a non-curable, liquid support material layer, wherein the precursor material and the non-curable, fluid support material or the non-curable, liquid support material are different materials, the liquid precursor material and the non-curable, fluid support material or the non-curable, liquid support material are immiscible, the liquid precursor material layer and non-curable, fluid support material layer or the non-curable, liquid support material layer are discrete layers, and a liquid-fluid or a liquid-liquid interface is formed between the precursor layer and the non-curable, fluid support material layer or the non-curable, liquid support material layer;
applying an electrostatic potential across the liquid-fluid or the liquid-liquid interface to modulate the concentration of the precursor material at the liquid-fluid or the liquid-liquid interface, wherein the applying an electrostatic potential comprises applying a first electrostatic potential to the precursor material and applying a second electrostatic potential to the non-curable, fluid support material layer or the non-curable, liquid support material layer, wherein the first electrostatic potential and the second electrostatic potential are different; and
applying energy to the liquid precursor material layer such that a product material is formed at the liquid-fluid interface or the liquid-liquid interface, wherein the product material layer is continuous or discontinuous and is capable of being separated from the remaining precursor material in the liquid precursor material layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid precursor layer comprises a molecular level, self-assembled material.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy is infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, or x-ray light.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the product material layer is a patterned layer, the method further comprising:
removing the patterned layer from the remaining precursor material in the liquid precursor material layer that is unaffected by the energy.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the product material layer is a patterned layer, and wherein the patterned layer is translated relative to a surface of the liquid precursor material layer.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
forming a second liquid precursor material layer, comprising a second precursor material which may be the same or different precursor material than the precursor material in the precursor material layer; and
applying a second energy to the second liquid precursor material layer such that a second product material is formed in the second liquid precursor material layer, wherein the second product material layer is continuous or discontinuous and is capable of being separated from the remaining second precursor material in the second precursor material layer and is disposed on the first product material layer.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the second product material layer is a second patterned layer, the method further comprising removing the second patterned layer from the remaining second precursor material in the second liquid precursor material layer that is unaffected by the energy.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising repeating the forming and the applying steps until the article of manufacture is completed.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the forming and the applying steps are repeated 1 to 100, 1 to 1000, 1 to 10,000, or 1 to 100,000 times.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the forming and the applying steps are repeated continuously.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the forming and the applying steps are repeated in a batch mode.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-curable, liquid support material layer is a polar solvent or a halogenated solvent.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-curable, fluid support m aterial layer is a supercritical fluid.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid precursor material layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 1 micron.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid precursor material layer further comprises a plurality of nanoparticles.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the applying energy comprises illuminating the liquid precursor material layer in a chamber through a window with a light source to form at least part of the article on a build stage.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the illuminating comprises digital light processing or stereolithography.
18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising contacting a surface of the liquid precursor material layer in the chamber with an inert gas.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the build stage is configured to translate toward or away from the window.
20. The method of claim 16 , further comprising:
translating the build stage with respect to the window and/or adding a liquid precursor material to the chamber with a material injection system; and
forming one or more product material layers or the article of manufacture.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the one or more product layers is protected by a blanket gas chosen from nitrogen and argon.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the material injection system is configured to adjust a height of the liquid precursor material in the chamber with a resolution of 5 nm or less.