Method of making an energy storage article
A method of making an energy storage article having a metal nitride electrode is disclosed where metal nitride is made by nitriding particles of a metal or oxide of a metal selected from vanadium molybdenum, titanium, niobium, tungsten, or combinations including any of the foregoing by contacting the particles with a gas of nitrogen and hydrogen, or ammonia, in a fluidized bed reactor to form particles of metal nitride for the electrode.
1. A method of making an energy storage device, comprising
nitriding particles comprising a metal, NH 4 VO 3 , an oxide of a metal selected from molybdenum, titanium, niobium, or tungsten, or combinations comprising any of the foregoing by contacting the particles with a gas mixture comprising nitrogen and hydrogen in a fluidized bed reactor to form particles comprising metal nitride;
forming a first electrode comprising the metal nitride; and
disposing the first electrode in a energy storage device comprising a liquid electrolyte comprising ions in contact with the first electrode, an ion-permeable membrane separating the electrolyte into a first section comprising the first electrode, and a second section comprising a second electrode in contact with the electrolyte.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein nitriding the particles in the fluidized bed reactor converts at least 95 wt. % of the metal in the particles to metal nitride.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein nitriding the particles in the fluidized bed reactor converts at least 95 wt. % of the metal in the particles to metal nitride.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein nitriding the particles in the fluidized bed reactor converts all of the metal in the particles to metal nitride.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode comprises metal nitride formed by contacting particles comprising a metal, NH 4 VO 3 , an oxide of a metal selected from molybdenum, titanium, niobium, or tungsten, or combinations comprising any of the foregoing with a gas mixture comprising nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas in a fluidized bed reactor.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising disposing the superconductor in an electrical circuit connecting the electrodes to a power source.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles comprising metal nitride have a specific surface area of at least 50-100 m 2 /g.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the particles comprising metal nitride have a specific surface area of at least 65 m 2 /g.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the particles comprising metal nitride have a specific surface area of at least 75 m 2 /g.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles comprising metal nitride have a specific surface area of up to 100 m 2 /g.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the particles comprising metal nitride have a specific surface area of up to 85 m 2 /g.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein particles comprising metal nitride comprise a mesoporous structure having a mean pore size from 2 to 50 nm.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein particles comprising metal nitride comprise a mesoporous structure having a mean pore size from 2 to 15 nm.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles comprise vanadium or NH 4 VO 3 .
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the particles comprise an oxide of vanadium selected from NH 4 VO 3 or V 2 O 5 .
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas mixture comprises nitrogen and hydrogen.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the gas mixture is free of ammonia.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas mixture comprises ammonia.
19. A method of using an energy storage device made by the method of claim 1 , comprising connecting the first and second electrodes to an electrical circuit comprising a power source, providing electrical power from the power source to charge the electrodes to opposite polarity, and pseudocapacitively transferring electrical energy between the electrical circuit and the energy storage device via redox reactions at the electrode surface of metal nitride and desolvated electrolyte ions.
20. A method of making metal nitride, comprising nitriding particles comprising a metal, NH 4 VO 3 , or oxide of a metal selected from molybdenum, titanium, niobium, or tungsten, or combinations comprising any of the foregoing by contacting the particles with a gas mixture comprising nitrogen and hydrogen in a fluidized bed reactor to form particles comprising metal nitride to convert at least 95 wt. % of the metal in the particles to metal nitride.