High-resolution integrated-optics-based spectrometer
A high-resolution single-chip spectrometer is disclosed. Embodiments of the present invention are analogous to Fourier-transform spectrometers; however, embodiments of the present invention have no moving parts. An illustrative embodiment is a spectrometer having a nested plurality of Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs), where all MZIs share at least one surface-waveguide section in each of its sample and reference arms. The light signals in the sample and reference arms are tapped at a series of discrete locations along their length via electro-optically-controlled directional couplers, which are separated by uniform-length waveguide portions in each arm, but where the uniform lengths are different in the sample and reference arms providing a different path-length difference for the arms of each MZI. The tapped light from the sample and reference arms is recombined at a low-loss beam combiner to generate a distribution of optical power as a function of time-delay difference in the arms.
1. An apparatus including a single-chip integrated-optics-based optical spectrometer, wherein the spectrometer comprises:
a coupler for distributing an input light signal into a first light signal on a sample bus and a second light signal on a reference bus;
a plurality of nested interferometers, each interferometer of the plurality thereof being a Mach-Zehnder interferometer that includes:
(i) a sample path operative for conveying the first light signal, the sample path having a first length and including a portion of the sample bus;
(ii) a reference path operative for conveying the second light signal, the reference path having a second length and including a portion of the reference bus;
(iii) an interference section that includes a beam combiner that is operative for combining the first light signal and second light signal into an interference signal; and
(iv) a photodetector for providing an output signal that is based on the optical power of the interference signal;
wherein each interferometer of the plurality thereof is characterized by a different path-length difference between its respective first length and second length.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a processor that is operative for generating an estimate of the spectral content of the input light signal based on the plurality of output signals.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the processor is operative for performing a Fourier transform based on the plurality of output signals, and wherein the estimate is based on the Fourier transform.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein at least one beam combiner of the plurality thereof is operative for combining the first light signal and second light signal based on two-mode interference.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spectrometer has a resolution that is less than or equal to 500 MHz.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the plurality of interferometers is characterized by a sequence of path-length differences that are different integer multiples of a first path-length difference.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each interference section of the plurality thereof is reversibly optically couplable with the sample and reference busses, and wherein each interference section further comprises: an interference section that includes:
a first waveguide switch, wherein the first waveguide switch is operative for reversibly optically coupling the interference section with the sample bus at a different one of a plurality of first tapping points on the sample bus; and
a second waveguide switch, wherein the second waveguide switch is operative for reversibly optically coupling the interference section with the reference bus at a different one of a plurality of second tapping points on the reference bus;
wherein the sample bus, the reference bus, and the plurality of interference sections are monolithically integrated on a substrate; and
wherein the plurality of interferometers is configured such each interferometer can be selectively activated.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the plurality of first tapping points is uniformly distributed along the sample bus and the plurality of second tapping points is uniformly distributed along the reference bus.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein at least one of the first and second waveguide switches is an electro-optically switched directional coupler.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a source for providing the input light signal, wherein the sample path includes:
a first waveguide having a first facet that is dimensioned and arranged to provide the first light signal to a sample; and
a second waveguide having a second facet that is dimensioned and arranged to receive at least a portion of the first signal from the sample such that the portion includes spectral content that is based on structure of the sample, wherein the second waveguide is optically coupled with the beam combiner.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 further comprising a processor that is operative for generating an estimate of the structure of the sample based on the plurality of output signals.
12. A method for estimating the spectral content of an input light signal, the method comprising:
distributing the input light signal into a first light signal on a sample bus and a second light signal on a reference bus;
generating an output signal at each of a plurality of nested interferometers that is disposed on a substrate, each interferometer of the plurality thereof being a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, wherein each interferometer of the plurality thereof is characterized by a unique path-length difference and includes:
(i) a sample path having a first length and including a portion of the sample bus;
(ii) a reference path having a second length and including a portion of the reference bus;
(iii) an interference section that includes a beam combiner that is operative for combining the first light signal and second light signal into an interference signal that is based on a path-length difference between the first length and the second length; and
(iv) a photodetector for providing the output signal based on the optical power of the interference signal; and
estimating the spectral content of the input light signal based on the plurality of output signals.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the spectral content is estimated based on a Fourier transform that is based on the plurality of output signals.
14. The method of claim 12 further comprising providing at least one beam combiner of the plurality thereof such that it is operative for combining the first light signal and second light signal based on two-mode interference.
15. The method of claim 12 wherein the spectral content of the input light signal is estimated with a resolution that is less than or equal to 500 MHz.
16. The method of claim 12 further comprising providing the plurality of interferometers such that the path-length differences of the plurality thereof are different integer multiples of a first path-length difference.
17. The method of claim 12 further comprising:
providing each interference section of the plurality thereof such that it further includes:
(v) a first waveguide switch that is operative for reversibly optically coupling the interference section with the sample bus at a different one of a plurality of first tapping points on the sample bus; and
(vi) a second waveguide switch that is operative for reversibly optically coupling the interference section with the reference bus at a different one of a plurality of second tapping points on the reference bus;
wherein the plurality of interferometers is configured such each interferometer can be selectively activated; and
wherein the sample bus, the reference bus, and the plurality of interference sections are monolithically integrated on the substrate.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising:
providing the plurality of first tapping points such that they are uniformly distributed along the sample bus; and
providing the plurality of second tapping points such that it is uniformly distributed along the reference bus.
19. The method of claim 17 further comprising providing at least one waveguide switch of the plurality thereof such that it is an electro-optically switched directional coupler.