Methods for bioremediation of waters contaminated with hydrocarbons

1. A method for bioremediation of waters contaminated with hydrocarbons, the method comprising:

putting the contaminated waters in contact with at least one polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA); and

allowing microorganisms, present in the contaminated waters and capable of metabolizing the hydrocarbons, to develop and degrade the hydrocarbons under an aerobic condition;

wherein the at least one PHA is dispersed in the contaminated waters in a form of particles,

wherein the particles have an average size greater than or equal to 0.1 micron (μm) and less than or equal to 1,000 μm, and

wherein the at least one PHA in the form of the particles is dispersed in the contaminated waters without the addition of other substances that stimulate metabolic activity of the microorganisms.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one PHA is selected from: poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV), poly-3-hydroxyhexanoate (PHH), poly-3-hydroxyoctanoate (PHO), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyexanoate) (PHBH), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate), poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate-co-3-hydroxyundecen-10-enoate) (PHOU), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-4-hydroxyvalerate (PHBVV), or mixtures thereof.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one PHA is added to the contaminated waters in an amount so as to obtain a concentration greater than or equal to 0.01 gram (g) per liter of the contaminated waters and less than or equal to 1,000 g per liter of the contaminated waters.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles are in a form of powder or microgranules.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particles have an average size greater than or equal to 1 micron (μm) and less than or equal to 500 μm.

6. A method for bioremediation of waters contaminated with hydrocarbons, the method comprising:

preparing an aqueous suspension of at least one polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA);

putting the contaminated waters in contact with the aqueous suspension; and

allowing at least one first microorganism, present in the contaminated waters and capable of metabolizing the hydrocarbons, to develop and degrade the hydrocarbons under an aerobic condition;

wherein the at least one PHA is dispersed in the aqueous suspension in a form of particles, and

wherein the particles have an average size greater than or equal to 0.1 micron (μm) and less than or equal to 1,000 μm.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the at least one PHA comprises at least one nutritive substance suitable for promoting development of the at least one first microorganism.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one nutritive substance is selected from: ammonium chloride (NH 4 E 1 ), sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ), potassium phosphate (K 3 PO 4 ), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ), ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl 2 ·4H 2 O), urea (CH 4 N 2 O), or mixtures thereof.

9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one nutritive substance is added to the contaminated waters in an amount so as to obtain a concentration greater than or equal to 0.01 grams (g) per liter of the contaminated waters and less than or equal to 100 g per liter of the contaminated waters.

10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the at least one PHA comprises at least one second microorganism capable of metabolizing the hydrocarbons.

11. The method of claim 6 , wherein the at least one PHA comprises at least one surfactant.

12. A method for bioremediation of waters contaminated with hydrocarbons, the method comprising:

preparing at least one polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA);

putting the contaminated waters in contact with the at least one PHA; and

allowing at least one first microorganism, present in the contaminated waters and capable of metabolizing the hydrocarbons, to develop and degrade the hydrocarbons under an aerobic condition;

wherein the at least one PHA comprises at least one second microorganism, capable of metabolizing the hydrocarbons, englobed in the at least one PHA,

wherein the at least one PHA is dispersed in the contaminated waters in a form of particles, and

wherein the particles have an average size greater than or equal to 0.1 micron (μm) and less than or equal to 1,000 μm.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least one second microorganism comprises one or more bacteria, one or more fungi, or one or more yeasts.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least one second microorganism comprises one or more oil-eating bacteria or one or more hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.

15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least one second microorganism is included in the at least one PHA in an amount so as to obtain a concentration of vital cellular units (Unit Forming Colony, UCF) greater than or equal to 10 3 per gram of the at least one PHA and less than or equal to 10 10 per grain of the at least one PHA.

16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least one PHA further comprises at least one nutritive substance suitable for promoting development of the at least one first microorganism.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the at least one nutritive substance is selected from: ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl)sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ), potassium phosphate (K 3 PO 4 ), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH 2 PO 4 ), ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl 2 ·4H 2 O), urea (CH 4 N 2 O), or mixtures thereof.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the at least one nutritive substance is added to the contaminated waters in an amount so as to obtain a concentration greater than or equal to 0.01 grams (g) per liter of the contaminated waters and less than or equal to 100 g per liter of the contaminated waters.

19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least one PHA further comprises at least one nutritive substance suitable for promoting development of the at least one first microorganism and the at least one second microorganism.

20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least one PHA further comprises at least one surfactant.